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Youth Marijuana Use Has Declined Since Canada Enacted Legalization, Federally Funded Study Shows

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A federal study funded by Canada shows that youth marijuana use rates have dropped since the country legalized cannabis, countering concerns raised by prohibition.

Using data from Canada’s annual COMPASS Study, researchers from the University of Waterloo and Brock University compared trends in marijuana use among teenagers in 2017-2018 (pre-legalization) and 2021-2022 (post-legalization).

The study, published in the journal Addictive Behaviors Reports, found that 15 percent of students in the pre-legalization cohort reported past-month cannabis use, compared to 12.3 percent of the post-legalization cohort. Additionally, accounts of students who said they never used marijuana “increased” in this latter demographic.

In addition to examining rates of cannabis use, the researchers also sought to identify “risk factors” that may predict whether a student will use marijuana. And these factors changed between the two groups before and after legalization, which “suggests that prevention efforts need to be adjusted over time to target important risk factors associated with cannabis use.”

Specifically, it has to analyze Among more than 65,000 students across the two periods, although many risk factors were “common across the years,” “the relative ranking of risk factors changed significantly.”

“The main predictors of current (pre-legalization) cannabis use were time spent texting/messaging, daily breakfast consumption, and time spent doing housework, all of which also remained significant predictors in 2021-22,” the study authors said. “The main predictors of current (post-legalization) cannabis use were depression, a happy home life…and students’ perception that getting good grades was important.”

“Our results highlight an increase in reports of ever using cannabis and a slight decrease in current cannabis use in our sample,” the study says. “While this is in contrast to the evidence of higher levels of cannabis use among young people during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is possible to argue that the declines observed here (years after pandemic-related restrictions) may not be due to the pandemic itself, but likely due to regulations related to legalization and/or changes in social norms.”

“Given that cannabis use remains common among young people, there is a great need to identify the characteristics of young people who are at greatest risk for cannabis misuse and, at the same time, to develop and expand prevention and early intervention programs tailored to the needs of these high-risk youth. This study demonstrates that, over a short period of 4 years, the pre-cannabis legalization period, the pre-cannabis legalization period, the post-cannabis legalization era. the profile of risk factors has changed significantly, increasingly involving mental health conditions.

The COMPASS Study is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services.

German officials released the study after three months released a report on their country’s experience with national marijuana legalization.

That report found that opponents’ fears about youth use — as well as traffic safety and other concerns — are so far unfounded.

A separate recent study by German federal health officials also found this Marijuana use rates fell among young people after the country legalized adult use of cannabiscontradicting one of the most common prohibitionist arguments against reform.

In July, federal health data also indicated that marijuana use in the U.S. has increased in recent years. increase “driven by increases … among adults 26 and older.” For young Americans, rates of past-year use and cannabis use disorder, on the other hand, “remained stable among adolescents and young adults between 2021 and 2024.”

In the US, research suggests that youth marijuana use has declined in states that have legalized the drug for adults.

A report by the advocacy group Marihuana Policy Project (MPP), for example, found that Youth marijuana use has declined in 19 of the 21 states that legalized adult use—Adolescent cannabis use has dropped an average of 35 percent in the first states to legalize it.

The report cited data from a number of national and state youth surveys, including the annual Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey, which is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

The latest version of the MTF, released late last year, found that cannabis use among eighth, 10th and 12th graders is now on the rise. lower than before states began enacting laws to legalize adult use in 2012 Young people’s perception that cannabis is easy to obtain also declined significantly in 2024 despite an expanding market for adult use.

Another survey conducted last year by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also showed that a The proportion of high school students reporting marijuana use in the past month has decreased in the past decade, when dozens of states moved to legalize cannabis.

At the state level, MPP’s assessment looked at studies such as the Washington State Healthy Youth Survey released in April 2024.

That survey found a decline in lifetime and past 30-day marijuana use in recent years. They remained stable until 2023 with significant decreases. The results also indicated that the ease of access to cannabis among underage students has generally decreased since the state enacted adult legalization in 2012, contrary to fears repeatedly expressed by opponents of the policy change.

And in June of last year, the two-year Healthy Kids Colorado Survey found just that Statewide youth marijuana use rates fell slightly in 2023—Remains significantly lower than before the state became one of the first in the U.S. to legalize adult cannabis in 2012.

The findings follow other past surveys that have investigated the relationship between marijuana and jurisdictions that have legalized youth cannabis use.

For example, a Canadian government report recently found daily or near-daily usage rates among adults and youth. remained stable in the last six years after the country passed legalization.

Another US study found that a “Significant reduction” in youth marijuana use from 2011 to 2021.— a period when more than a dozen states legalized marijuana for adults — that determined lower rates of lifetime and past-month use among high school students nationwide.

Another federal report released last summer concluded Between 2022 and 2023, cannabis consumption among minors — defined as people between 12 and 20 years old — has fallen slightly..

Additionally, a research letter published in April 2024 by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) said there is no evidence. States passing laws to legalize and regulate marijuana for adults has increased youth use. of cannabis

Another study published by JAMA earlier this month also found that neither legalization nor the opening of retail shops led to an increase in youth cannabis use.

In 2023, however, a US health official said that adolescent marijuana use has not increased “even as state legalization proliferates across the country.”

Another study by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that Rates of current and lifetime cannabis use among high school students they have continued to decline amid the legalization movement.

A separate NIDA-funded study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 2022 also found that at the state level The legalization of cannabis was not accompanied by an increase in youth use. The study found: “Young people who spent their adolescence under legalization were no more or less likely to have used cannabis by age 15 than adolescents who spent little or no time under legalization.”

Another 2022 study by Michigan State University researchers, Published in the journal PLOS Onefound that “retail sales of cannabis may increase exposure to cannabis for older adults” in legal states, “but not for minors who cannot purchase cannabis products at a retail outlet.”

Although trends were observed adult use of marijuana and certain psychedelics reaching “historic highs.” in 2022, according to separate data for 2023.

Photo by Chris Wallis // Side Pocket Images.

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Voltiris expands toward North America; energy innovation takes center stage at ACT Leamington Grower Summit

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© VoltirisAs energy continues to directly influence greenhouse strategies worldwide, new technologies and industry debates are converging on the same central question: how to produce more efficiently while maintaining optimal crop yields.

One company that sits in this evolving landscape is Voltiris, which is preparing to expand its spectral solar technology into the North American greenhouse market.

Following a recent visit to the company’s headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland, Mona Nazari confirmed that she will lead the company’s commercial expansion in the region.

“They have developed spectral filters for solar modules designed for high-tech greenhouses,” he shares. “The technology splits sunlight, directing the photosynthetically active radiation to the crop while converting the rest of the spectrum into electricity.”

In addition to generating electricity, the system also affects the climatic conditions of the greenhouse. By filtering out parts of the infrared spectrum during periods of intense sunlight, crop temperature can be moderated.

“By filtering infrared radiation during peak periods of sunlight, plant temperatures can be reduced by up to 4°C, helping to keep crops in their optimal growing range.”

According to the company, more than 2,000 modules have already been installed with commercial greenhouse partners across Europe. Early research results also suggest crop yield benefits.

“Recent trials of Delphi have shown a 9% increase in Class I yield and a two-week extension of the harvest window.” For the industry, these types of innovations are coming at a time when energy costs and sustainability goals are becoming increasingly important factors in greenhouse design.

“Energy is quickly becoming one of the defining questions for greenhouse production,” he said. “It will be interesting to see how such solutions fit into the next generation of controlled environment infrastructure.”

Industry focus shifts to energy strategy
Many of these topics will be discussed at the upcoming Advancing Cultivation Technology Leamington Grower Summit on March 31, 2026 at the Roma Club in Leamington, Ontario.

Organizers said the event will focus on practical solutions to manage energy use, improve efficiency and protect profitability in greenhouse operations.

“This year’s program focuses on what growers need most right now: real ways to manage energy, improve efficiency and protect profitability,” the organizing team said in announcing the agenda.

One of the aforementioned presentations will be given by Amos Bassi of Philips Horticulture LED Solutions, who will present the results of a multi-year tomato trial in Dutch Botany in collaboration with Grodan.

The study examines how advanced LED lighting strategies, including intermediate lighting and higher light intensities, can significantly reduce greenhouse energy consumption while maintaining crop yields.

Climate optimization will also be addressed by Paul Arena of Svensson Climate Screens, who will present practical strategies to reduce greenhouse demand while maintaining stable greenhouse conditions. His session will explore dual screen return conditions, as well as the role of vertical airflow to improve heating and cooling efficiency in LED-equipped greenhouses.

Timme Hovinga, Priva’s product director, will analyze the energy strategy from a broader operational perspective. His presentation will explore how growers can integrate energy management into long-term greenhouse operations and how to turn energy efficiency into a competitive advantage.

Addressing Crop Health Challenges
In addition to energy issues, the summit will also address crop health challenges affecting greenhouse production.

Grodan’s Dan Skinner will present new research on pepper wilt, an increasingly complex problem for Canadian greenhouse growers.

The session will examine root zone dynamics, hygiene practices and contributing fungal pathogens to help growers improve prevention and management strategies.

With research findings, technology developments and practical grower discussions on the agenda, the ACT Leamington Grower Summit aims to provide actionable insights into the industry navigating the challenges of rapidly evolving energy and production.

For Mona, whose new role focuses on bringing energy-integrated greenhouse technologies to North American growers, the event reflects where the industry conversation is headed. “The theme couldn’t be more consistent with what Voltiris is and the value it brings.”

Register for the Advancing Cultivation Technology Summit here.

For more information:
Voltiri
(email protected)
www.voltiris.com

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FDA Submits New Cannabis Products Enforcement Policy For White House Review

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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed a cannabis product enforcement policy to the White House for review on regulatory issues specifically related to CBD.

The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) of the White House’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB) published a statement on Friday that it received the submission from the FDA, which is under the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Although the update does not include the text of the proposal now being considered by OIRA, it is titled “Cannabidiol (CBD) Product Compliance and Enforcement Policy.”

The fact that the document comes from the FDA can clarify its content, for example The agency recently missed a Congressional deadline to publish a list of known cannabinoids because federal hemp laws are set to change later this year.

Another possibility raised by industry observers is that it ties into an executive order to reorganize marijuana that President Donald Trump signed in December, which included provisions to provide federal health insurance coverage for CBD to certain patients. But that rulemaking is being facilitated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which is not listed as the agency that submitted the proposal to OIRA.

Marijuana Moment reached out to HHS and the FDA for comment, but a representative was not immediately available.

As part of the appropriations legislation that Trump signed into law, the 2018 Farm Bill will ban many of the hemp products that were legalized during his first term once again starting in November. The spending measure contained separate provisions, however, for the FDA and other relevant agencies to study the cannabinoid market and develop lists of cannabis ingredients.

After signing the bill, the FDA was given 90 days to publish 1) a list of “all cannabinoids known to the FDA” in cannabis 2) a list of “all cannabinoids of the tetrahydrocannabinol class that the agency believes occur naturally in the plant” and 3) a list of “binoids that have similar effects or may have effects similar to the market. cannabinoids of the tetrahydrocannabinol class”.

It was also tasked with providing the agency with “additional information and specificity” regarding the term “container” in relation to THC serving sizes of hemp product. In the bill, the term is defined as “the inner packaging, container, or container in direct contact with a final hemp-derived cannabinoid product into which the final hemp-derived product is placed for retail sale to consumers, such as a jar, bottle, bag, box, package, can, carton, or cartridge.”

The listings and information were due by February 10, but the FDA missed the deadline.

It is possible, of course, new politics The submission to OIRA is unrelated to the FDA’s mandate to create a list of cannabinoids. Others see it as the next step in expanding federal health insurance coverage, which would make CBD products available to certain patients.

An executive at a hemp company working with CMS on CBD coverage said as much last month The agency has already finalized a rule to allow for federal health insurance coverage. That rule was introduced by Trump under Title III of the Marijuana Controlled Substances Act (CSA).

Mehmet Oz, CMS administrator, spoke about the CBD components of the initiative at the order signing ceremony, with Trump and Robert F. Kennedy Jr. To the HHS secretary for “driving change” and pursuing an agenda based on a “deep passion for research.”

The plan has been to create a pilot program to give eligible patients access to hemp-derived cannabidiol that would be covered by federal health insurance plans, scheduled to launch in April, according to Oz.

While the broader rules for the CBD Medicare pilot program have yet to be released, CMS’ website briefly outlines how it navigates hemp-related issues within the LEAD, Accountable Care Organization (ACO), and Enhancing Oncology Model (EOM) regulatory models.

One outstanding question is about coverage eligibility. As the administrator described in December, it would affect those 65 and older who are eligible for Medicare, but the exact conditions were not specified. There were repeated mentions of chronic pain, particularly in relation to cancer, but the CBD eligibility criteria may include additional conditions.

While CMS issued a previous final rule this past April specifically stipulating that marijuana, as well as CBD derived from federal law hemp, are ineligible For coverage of the Medicare Advantage program and other services, the agency is revising that policy.

CMS already announced some changes as part of a rulemaking process filed late last year, It affects “marketing and communications, drug coverage, enrollment processes, special needs plans and other programming areas.” for the insurance programs it oversees. One of these changes concerned the coverage of cannabidiol.

The proposed rule would change the regulations, which currently say that “cannabis products” cannot be covered. The policy would “prevent coverage of cannabis products that are illegal under applicable state or federal law, including the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.” Because hemp and its derivatives like CBD are federally legal, the change suggests that patients in states where these products are legal can make valid insurance claims to pay for alternative treatment options, as long as the product is federally legal.

Another possibility for new submissions under the OIRA review is that it is unrelated to the FDA mandate or CMS health coverage developments. The FDA has faced scrutiny for years after refusing to enact rules that allow CBD to be legally marketed in the food supply, so there are a number of regulatory issues the proposal could address.

Marijuana Moment is made possible with the help of readers. If you rely on our pro-cannabis journalism to stay informed, consider a monthly Patreon pledge.

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“Mutual trust has grown out of our good working relationship”

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Canify AG and Africa’s first EU-GMP certified producer of medical cannabis flowers and extracts, MG Health Limited, have announced their planned merger. In a signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), the two companies have agreed to expand their successful two-year partnership into a joint holding structure. The group will be a fully vertically integrated medical cannabis platform, encompassing EU GMP certified production, pharmaceutical processing and multi-market distribution, with a commercial presence in more than 7 countries including Germany, UK, Australia and Poland, as well as a unique global supplier network.

The two companies have worked closely together since Q4 2024, when MG Health began supplying Canify with medical cannabis flower on an ongoing basis. This proven supply relationship now forms the operational basis for a full merger. “Mutual trust has grown from our good working relationship, so it is only logical to take our cooperation to the next level,” says Sascha Mielcar, CEO of Canify AG. “In addition to quality standards, we also share a common attitude: patients are at the center of everything we do. Our shared vision is to create a globally active pharmaceutical company with a clear focus on the highest quality standards and clinical innovation.”

The proposed merger will create a vertically integrated structure that is unique in the European medical cannabis market. The combined team will control all critical steps of the pharmaceutical value chain: from EU GMP certified flower cultivation and extraction at MG Health’s Lesotho facility, management of pharmaceutical processing regulations, and multi-channel distribution through Canify’s established network of pharmaceutical partnerships and its direct-to-patient Canify Clinics platform.

MG Health’s production platform provides the combined group with a significant structural cost advantage. Operating at an altitude of 2,000 meters in Lesotho’s Maluti Mountains, the facility has ideal growing conditions, low energy costs and year-round natural light, enabling pharmaceutical-grade production at a fraction of the cost of facilities in Europe. Beyond operational efficiency, MG Health has invested significantly in the local community, creating hundreds of sustainable jobs, expanding local infrastructure and providing education and development programs for employees, their families and surrounding communities.

“As a company that puts people first, we do not see financial success as an end in itself, but as a means to enable positive and lasting change in our society,” says Andre Bothma, CEO of MG Health. “This principle shapes our daily actions in Lesotho: from responsible, sustainable management and long-term employment opportunities to targeted educational initiatives. In Canify, we have found a partner who shares these values ​​and will carry them forward with us.”

“The merger allows us to align our processes with expertise and regulatory frameworks throughout the value chain, and therefore complement each other seamlessly,” explains Mielcarek. For example, Canify’s international supplier network can be perfectly aligned with MG Health’s expanded production and processing capabilities. “At the same time, with MG Health, we are strengthening our approach that combines pharmaceutical excellence, social responsibility and environmental sustainability.”

For more information:
Canify AG
https://canify.com/

MG Health Limited
mghealth.com/

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