In Part I of this series, we learned how the endocannabinoid system regulates and responds to physical activity. The endocannabinoid system is crucial for generating the motivation to engage in voluntary exercise and exercise itself alters its sensitivity to cannabinoids. In Part II, we saw that endocannabinoid receptors are present in the lungs, heart, and blood vessels–key tissues for exercise performance. 

Endogenous cannabinoids are made from specific dietary fats and regulate various aspects of metabolism. Plant cannabinoids like THC are fat-soluble molecules and some of the THC you consume accumulates in adipose (fat) tissue. This suggests that the amount of body fat you have, and the rate at which you burn it off, could affect how quickly that THC gets released from fats stores into the bloodstream. 

Can burning off body fat actually lead to measurable changes in blood THC levels?

Effects of fasting & exercise on blood THC levels

Takeaway: THC is stored in fat, and burning fat releases it.

The effects of fasting and exercise have been measured in both animals and humans in a limited number of studies. One rodent study gave rats THC daily for five days, followed by a three-day “wash out.” After that, some were fasted for 24-hours. Compared to non-fasted rats, fasted rats had higher blood concentrations of THC-COOH, but not THC. THC-COOH is a metabolite of THC–what drug tests measure in urine samples. Elevated blood THC-COOH was also seen when rats fasted for 20 hours immediately following a single dose of THC.

Another rodent study gave rats THC daily for ten days (twice as long as the last study) followed by a 24-hour fast. Compared to non-fasted animals, higher blood levels of both THC and THC-COOH were detected in fasted animals, although the increase in THC was much smaller than for THC-COOH.

A limited number of human studies have looked at the effects of exercise and fasting on blood THC/THC-COOH levels in people. In a small study of six chronic, daily cannabis consumers, they did 45-minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (treadmill running) followed by a 24-hour fast. No significant elevation in either THC or THC-COOH was detected.

Why would this be, given the results of animal studies above showing an elevation of THC-COOH following fasting? One explanation is the duration of the study: humans live roughly thirty times longer than rats. A 24-hour fast for a rat is roughly equivalent to a month-long fast for a human. It’s possible that a short one-day fast in humans is not enough time to burn much fat.

Another human study made additional observations that shed further light on the matter. Fourteen regular cannabis consumers had their blood tested before, immediately after, and two hours following 35 minutes of stationary bicycling. There was a significant increase in blood THC levels, but not THC-COOH, immediately after exercise. The effect normalized after two hours.

Researchers made an additional, interesting observation: body mass index (BMI) was significantly correlated with the change in blood THC levels following exercise. Individuals with higher BMIs (more body fat) tended to see a larger spike in blood THC levels after exercise. This may explain why no change was detected in the previous study–those individuals had an average BMI of about 21, while the majority in this study had BMIs over 21.

The experiments in rodents found that fasting can produce elevations in blood THC-COOH levels, with little to no elevation in THC levels. In contrast, human studies found that a combination of exercise and fasting could elevate THC levels (but not THC-COOH), with larger elevations seen in those with higher BMIs. Why would human studies find an elevation in THC, but rodent studies see an elevation in THC-COOH? One possibility is drug metabolism. Rodents metabolize drugs much faster than we do, so there is perhaps less time for THC to accumulate in fat prior to being metabolized into THC-COOH. 

Could burning fat get you high or make you fail a drug test?

Takeaway: Get you high? Maybe. Fail a drug test? Unlikely.

Assuming the results above in humans hold true—that blood THC levels can be elevated by fasting and exercise (at least in people with sufficient levels of body fat) — could burning body fat result in a psychoactive effect? 

It’s hard to be sure without more robust data, but it’s entirely possible.

In the study that detected an increase in blood THC levels in both fasted and non-fasted cannabis consumers following exercise, there was a roughly 15% increase in blood THC levels, on average. In a study that measured blood THC levels after vaporizing cannabis, a relatively low 10 mg dose of THC–enough to cause psychoactive effects in the majority of study participants–resulted in a ~10% average increase in blood THC levels. A higher 30 mg dose resulted in a ~30% increase. 

So, a 15% increase in blood THC levels from exercise and fasting could conceivably induce a psychoactive effect. Unfortunately, the study that measured this blood THC increase following exercise/fasting did not also measure whether participants felt any psychoactive effects. 

Overall, these results suggest that those with more body fat may be vulnerable to higher levels of blood THC following fat burning. More fat to burn means more room to accumulate THC over time. One prediction here would be that longer durations of fasting or higher intensity exercise, resulting in more fat burn, could induce greater increases in blood THC levels, especially in those with more body fat. 

As far as the drug testing concern goes, the results of human studies suggest that there would be no elevated risk of failure, as blood THC-COOH levels—what urine tests look for—were not elevated following fasting and exercise in humans. It’s conceivable that more intensive exercise or longer fasts might push up THC-COOH levels, but I’m not aware of any studies looking at this. 

Cannabinoids are fatty molecules—our own endogenous cannabinoids are made from dietary fats, and plant cannabinoids can be stored in fat tissue and influence our eating behavior and metabolism. It’s worth knowing about these things as you engineer your lifestyle and craft intentions for the new year.

Summary: The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) has officially removed cannabis from its list of prohibited substances for athletes, marking a significant policy change in the organization’s approach to drug testing and athlete health.

UFC Updates its Sports Cannabis Policy

In a landmark decision, the UFC has officially excluded cannabis from its revised list of banned substances for professional fighters. This move follows the UFC’s 2021 initiative to protect fighters from penalties related to THC-positive test results. The UFC’s updated anti-doping policy reflects its commitment to athlete health and safety, as well as fair competition.

The UFC’s prohibited substance list generally aligns with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) guidelines. However, the UFC has made specific adjustments, notably the removal of marijuana, in response to evolving understandings of the substance’s effects and implications.

A new study says there’s little evidence that people experience a hangover or effects the day after consuming weed. The findings call into question employer policies on testing workers for drugs, raising the question: If workers don’t experience lingering effects of THC, why should employers care what workers do the night before a shift? 

Although some states have relaxed their policies, employers in a majority of states are allowed by law to test workers for drugs, including cannabis. Workers can get fired or turned down for a job for trace amounts of weed in their system, regardless of if someone has a medical marijuana card, or are using cannabis for health reasons.

Workplace drug testing has existed since 1986 when the Reagan administration began requiring THC testing for federal employees. Despite legalization across the country, cannabis is still stigmatized in many ways, and the new study calls into question drug testing policies. 

What does the study say?

The new paper reviews 20 past studies and found that a “window of impairment” lasts between 3-10 hours after cannabis consumption. The duration was determined by dose, method of consumption, and frequency of use, with a higher dose, oral consumption (vs. inhalation), and occasional use leading to a longer duration of effects.  

Researchers found that cognition and performance were not affected after this window, and didn’t find lingering effects the next day.

“Most studies didn’t detect ‘next day’ effects of cannabis use, and the few that did had significant limitations,” said Dr. Danielle McCartney, from the University of Sydney, in a press release. “Overall, it appears that there is limited scientific evidence to support the assertion that cannabis use impairs ‘next day’ performance.”

Across the 20 studies, 345 performance tests were administered, and only 12 tests, or 3.5% of the total, showed negative effects the day after cannabis consumption. Even so, testing protocols in those studies weren’t optimal and the studies were conducted more than 18 years ago.

How does drug testing work?

When employers test workers, usually any sign of THC is enough to fail a test. For some tests, if you smoked only one joint a few months ago, it can still show up in your system and you could lose your job due to a drug test. 

THC can stay in a person’s system for a long time, and there are multiple types of drug tests that can be performed on a person:

• Blood—can detect up to 2 weeks
• Saliva—can detect up to 30 days
• Urine—can detect up to 60 days
• Hair follicle—can detect up to 120 days

Every person’s body processes drugs differently, so there’s no one answer to how long a drug will stay in a body. Body size (or BMI), metabolism, overall health, and frequency of consumption all factor into how quickly a body will get rid of a substance.

Some employers test prospective employees as a condition for hiring, and some test employees at random, so workers will never know when a test is coming. Many say that urine tests in particular can be degrading, as the tester often has to watch during the process.

Implications for drug testing at work

Two main aspects of performance researchers looked at were driving and “safety-sensitive task performance,” of particular concern to transit workers and defense personnel, among others. But these tasks were also not affected from cannabis consumption the previous day.

For the past few years, there has been a labor shortage of truck drivers, and the new study helps dispel concerns about cannabis use for those workers. 

“People are being advised not to drive or perform other safety-sensitive tasks for 24 hours after cannabis use,” said McCartney. “However, we found little evidence to support this recommendation.”

The researchers also looked at next-day THC effects compared to alcohol hangovers, finding that a “THC ‘hangover’ is unlikely to be more impairing than an alcohol hangover, which is generally tolerated among drivers and individuals employed in safety-sensitive positions.”

Drug tests can be an invasion of privacy, and the procedure for taking a drug test is often thought to be degrading. Drug tests can also be in error. Many organizations, including the ACLU, say that the main safety concern should be whether a person can perform a task, not necessarily if they have a drug in their system. A lot’s at stake with drug tests, including a job, and a livelihood, and people who use cannabis for health reasons fear giving up the plant simply to get a job.

“Policy makers should bear in mind that the implementation of very conservative workplace regulations can have serious consequences, such as termination of employment with a positive drug test,” said the authors in the study. “They can also impact the quality of life of individuals who are required to abstain from medicinal cannabis used to treat conditions such as insomnia or chronic pain for fear of a positive workplace or roadside drug test.”