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Smartest Guys in the Room Go Belly Up in Canada

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Fire and Flower Throw in the Towel, Citing Significant Losses

An initial order for creditor protection has been granted by a Canadian court to Fire & Flower Holdings and its cannabis-related businesses due to significant net losses of more than $150 million ($200 million) that have accrued since 2018. The Companies Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA) was used by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice to grant this order, which enables the company to continue operating as it currently is and interact with stakeholders to consider options for future business ventures. The court has also approved a debtor-in-possession loan of CA$ 9.8 million to Fire & Flower as part of this procedure. This credit was provided by an affiliate of Alimentation Couche-Tard, a significant Canadian convenience store chain and stockholder in the cannabis retailer.

 

 Fire & Flower Seeks Solutions to Sustain Operations

 

In a recent news release, Fire & Flower emphasized the significance of creditor protection, which allows the company to collaborate with the monitor, FTI Consulting Canada. This collaboration aims to streamline operations and facilitate a court-supervised sales process, with the ultimate goal of obtaining a going concern for its operations and maximizing the value of its assets. By leveraging this strategic approach, Fire & Flower seeks to secure the continuity of its operations and navigate the challenging landscape it faces.

 

To support its operations during this process, Fire & Flower has been granted a debtor-in-possession loan of CA$ 9.8 million from an affiliate of Alimentation Couche-Tard, a major Canadian operator of convenience stores and an investor in the cannabis retailer. This financial support will fund the company’s operations and enable it to execute its plans effectively.

 

Fire & Flower is among a growing number of Canadian cannabis companies turning to Canada’s corporate insolvency law to address financial challenges. Notably, between January 1 and December 22, 2022, 14 out of the 35 Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA) filings in Canada involved companies operating in the cannabis industry in some capacity. With a network comprising more than 90 corporate-owned stores, Fire & Flower will employ approximately 618 full-time and 806 part-time employees by the end of 2022. Recognizing the need for additional funding to sustain its business, the company recently announced a comprehensive review of strategic options, including exploring various financing alternatives.

 

 

The Financial Challenges and Root Causes for Fire & Flower’s Losses

 

Management of Fire & Flower stressed in a regulatory filing dated May 15 that the company’s ability to continue as a going concern depended on crucial elements, including growing revenues, improving profitability and cash flows, and securing funding from debt, warrants, and other capital market alternatives. According to a news statement from the company, after careful consideration, the board decided that it would be best for Fire & Flower to apply for creditor protection under the Companies Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA).

 

Fire & Flower attributed its substantial financial losses primarily to difficulties it encountered in its cannabis retail business. These difficulties included increased margin pressure, heightened competitiveness, and higher operational costs. Additionally, according to the company’s filing, the regulatory limits on the cannabis business have resulted in fewer sales and higher expenses than had been projected for their retail locations.

 

Annual losses have been disclosed by Fire & Flower since 2018. The company and its subsidiaries suffered losses of $45.4 million and $83.4 million, respectively, in the fiscal years ended January 29, 2022, and December 31, 2022. Also included in these net losses were more than CA$25.2 million for the fiscal year that ended on February 2, 2019, more than CA$35.6 million for the following year, and more than CA$17.5 million for the next year. Fire & Flower reported a net loss of over $8.7 million CA as of the quarter ending March 31, 2023.

 

Fire & Flower’s cash situation has worsened over the last two years. Cash held by the corporation and its subsidiaries as of January 30, 2021, was worth CA $30.6 million; this amount fell to CA $19.8 million a year later. According to their statement, as of March 31, 2023, the cash balance was only CA$ 8.2 million, while current liabilities totaled more than CA$ 50.8 million.

 

Among the subsidiaries cited in the court order were Hifyre, a digital retail and analytics platform; Friendly Stranger Holdings, which Fire & Flower purchased for roughly CA$24.6 million in 2020; Pineapple Express Delivery; and Pineapple Express Delivery, which Fire & Flower acquired for around CA$7.2 million in 2021. On the Toronto Stock Exchange, shares of Fire & Flower are traded under the ticker FAF.

 

Subsidiaries Affected by Fire & Flower’s Creditor Protection Order

 

Fire & Flower’s recent grant of creditor protection under the Companies Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA) also has implications for its subsidiaries. The court order encompasses various entities associated with Fire & Flower, including Hifyre, Friendly Stranger Holdings, and Pineapple Express Delivery.

 

Hifyre, a digital retail and analytics platform, is one of the subsidiaries named in the court order. As Fire & Flower’s digital arm, Hifyre provides technological solutions for the cannabis retail industry. The company’s involvement in the creditor protection process raises questions about the impact on its operations and the potential for restructuring.

 

Friendly Stranger Holdings, which Fire & Flower acquired for approximately CA$24.6 million in 2020, is another subsidiary affected by the creditor protection order. Friendly Stranger Holdings is a well-known cannabis retailer in Canada, operating multiple stores nationwide. The implications of the order on Friendly Stranger Holdings raise concerns about the continuity of its operations and the potential impact on its employees and customers.

 

Additionally, Pineapple Express Delivery, acquired for around CA$ 7.2 million in 2021, is among the subsidiaries impacted by Fire & Flower’s creditor protection. Pineapple Express Delivery offers cannabis delivery services, and its inclusion in the court order raises questions about the future of its delivery operations and the potential for restructuring or consolidation.

 

The involvement of these subsidiaries underscores the interconnectedness of Fire & Flower’s business ecosystem. The creditor protection order’s impact on these entities must be carefully managed to ensure a comprehensive and coordinated approach to their respective operations, financial stability, and long-term viability.

 

As Fire & Flower and its subsidiaries navigate the creditor protection process, stakeholders, including employees, suppliers, and customers, will closely monitor developments to assess the potential implications for their relationships with the company and its subsidiaries. The outcome of the process will play a significant role in determining the future landscape of Fire & Flower’s subsidiary companies within the cannabis industry.

 

Bottom Line

 

Fire & Flower Holdings, a Canadian cannabis retailer, has obtained creditor protection following significant net losses of over $150 million since 2018. The company will continue operating under court supervision, exploring options with stakeholders for future ventures. A debtor-in-possession loan from Alimentation Couche-Tard’s affiliate will support ongoing operations. However, Fire & Flower’s financial challenges, including increased competition and regulatory constraints, have contributed to their losses. The creditor protection order also affects subsidiary companies, raising concerns about their viability. As developments unfold, the outcome of the process will shape the future of Fire & Flower and its subsidiaries in the cannabis industry.

 

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Does Hemp Have Cancer-Fighting Properties?

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Does Hemp Have Cancer-Fighting Properties?

Hemp, Weed’s Cousin, May Have More Therapeutic Value Than We Thought

 

While both hemp and cannabis come from the same plant, they possess significant differences.

 

Hemp, in particular, has become the less popular cousin of weed because more people were interested in the psychoactive properties of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). And since hemp only contains less 0.3% or less of THC, recreational consumers weren’t keen on it.

 

Historically speaking, hemp has been famous for thousands of years across ancient civilizations around the world. It was cultivated for its reliable fibers, used in textiles, rope, clothing, and paper. Even back then, hemp’s nutritious properties were known. People ate its seeds and extracted oil, while it was used for treating many conditions in ancient China and ancient India.

 

However, hemp plants do contain a much higher amount of cannabidiol (CBD), and due to the sheer demand for CBD products lately for their medicinal benefits, hemp became better-known. Now, the global CBD market is estimated to be worth a cool US $7.71 billion, and it’s only expected to grow more. After all, the CBD in hemp has been found to be tremendously powerful especially for treating a wide range of diseases and afflictions, from anxiety to insomnia, and much more.

 

However, CBD isn’t the only therapeutic value found in hemp.

 

Can Hemp Help Fight Cancer?

A recent study by the Rowett Institute took a look into the potential value of specific fibers added to the diet of patients with prostate cancer, and its effect, if any, on tumors. The NHS Grampian Charity has invested £90,000 into this research, which has been led by Professor Anne Kiltie, who is a member of Friends of ANCHOR Clinical Chair in Oncology, at the University of Aberdeen.

The new study, which was conducted by Dr. Aliu Moomin, Dr. Sylvia Duncan, and Dr. Madi Neascu, focused on hemp fibers such as hemp hull, inulin, and pectin. They analyzed how these fibers affect gut bacteria in animal models, and its overall impact on tumor cells.

 

According to Professor Kiltie: “This funding will allow us to build on our previous work demonstrating a benefit to dietary fibre supplementation in terms of improved tumor control and protection of the bowel from radiotherapy damage, by looking at other types of fiber and how these interact with the gut microbiota,” she said. The idea is that if they notice improvements when cancer patients supplement with fiber, and it actually helps delay the progression of cancer, this would be instrumental improving patient outcomes.


We have long known that diet plays a critical role in cancer development and prevention, so it only makes sense to take advantage of the healing power of gut microbiome for cancer patients. There are several studies that show a strong link between gut microbiome and one’s cancer risk. One study in particular found that patients with melanoma, who possessed healthy gut bacteria, had much better responses to immunotherapy treatments compared to patients who had poorer gut bacteria.

 

“We hope that this work would lead to a large randomized clinical trial in the UK in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer. If the fiber supplementation is found to delay progression of the disease and prevent the need for active treatments, this would significantly improve outcomes for these patients and their quality of life,” she added, shared by a release published by the University of Aberdeen.

According to Dr. Simon Dunmore, the NHS Grampian Charity research officer: “The importance of intestinal microbiome in a wide range of health areas, including the development of cancer, is becoming increasingly highlighted by numerous scientific studies,” he said. “This study will provide important evidence of the role of a beneficial gut microbiome composition in reducing the aggressiveness and development of prostate cancer and the positive effect of dietary fibre on the microbiome,” he added.

 

Studies On Hemp Oil For Cancer


There are other studies supporting the viability and potential of hemp compounds for treating cancer. In another recent study out of Shanghai in China, researchers found that hemp oil extracts which contain the terpenes humulene and caryophyllene were found to be effective in treating pain and fighting cancer.

 

For the study, Chinese researchers analyzed the tumor-fighting and painkilling properties of hemp oil on mice. They found that after administering the hemp oil extracts, it was found to significantly reduce tumor growth. “Thes results reveal that HEO [hemp essential oil] plays a role not only in tumor chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy treatment, but also in anti-tumor treatment which offers key information for new strategies in cancer treatment and provides reference for the medicinal development of hemp,” they said.


Additionally, since hemp contains abundant levels of cannabidiol (CBD), it can be used for alleviating the symptoms of cancer treatment. Studies have shown that CBD is effective for helping relieve pain, stimulate the appetite, and minimize nausea and vomiting – all of which are tremendously valuable for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. CBD can also be integrated into one’s lifestyle to reduce chronic inflammation and stress, which, when left untreated, can contribute to cancer progression.

 

Conclusion


These studies are promising: hemp is clearly not just important for its industrial benefits, but it can also help save lives. The compounds found in hemp plants may help fight and treat cancer, shrink tumors, and even enhance the effectiveness of traditional cancer therapies. If you or a loved one want to explore using hemp for wellness and cancer prevention, you may consult with healthcare professionals for tailored medical advice.

 

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Why is Everyone But the Youth Smoking Weed?

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In recent years, the landscape of cannabis use has undergone a surprising transformation, defying long-held predictions and challenging conventional wisdom. For decades, opponents of marijuana legalization have wielded a powerful argument: legalizing cannabis would send the wrong message to youth, inevitably leading to increased consumption among teenagers and young adults. This fear has been a cornerstone of anti-legalization campaigns, painting a grim picture of a future where young minds are clouded by widespread drug use.

However, as more states and countries have embraced cannabis legalization, an unexpected trend has emerged. Contrary to dire predictions, youth cannabis use has not skyrocketed. In fact, in many places, it has remained stable or even declined. Meanwhile, it’s the older generations who are increasingly turning to cannabis, with one of the fastest-growing demographics of users being adults over 50.

This shift isn’t limited to cannabis alone. Across the board, today’s youth are showing less interest in various substances, including alcohol and tobacco. It’s a trend that has left researchers and social commentators puzzled. Are we witnessing the rise of a more health-conscious, drug-averse generation? Or, as some might cheekily suggest, are young people today simply less inclined towards experimentation and risk-taking than their predecessors?

The implications of this trend are far-reaching, challenging not only our assumptions about drug policy but also our understanding of generational behaviors and values. On one hand, we could interpret this as a positive development – a sign that education and awareness campaigns are working, producing a generation more informed about the risks of substance use. On the other hand, it raises questions about changing social dynamics and what drives young people’s choices in today’s world.

In this article, we’ll explore the factors behind this intriguing phenomenon. Why are fewer young people turning to cannabis and other substances, even as legal barriers fall? And what’s driving older adults, particularly those over 50, to embrace cannabis in growing numbers?

By examining these trends, we hope to gain insight into the complex interplay of social, legal, and cultural factors shaping attitudes towards substance use in our society.

 

As we delve into the statistics, a clear trend emerges: fewer young people are indulging in substances across the board. Whether it’s alcohol, tobacco, or cannabis, today’s youth are increasingly abstaining. This shift has left many scratching their heads, wondering what’s behind this sudden display of temperance among the younger generation.

At first glance, one might be tempted to chalk it up to the success of drug education programs. After all, today’s youth are bombarded with information about the risks and consequences of substance use from an early age. Gone are the days of simplistic “Just Say No” campaigns and exaggerated scare tactics. Modern drug education tends to be more nuanced, focusing on harm reduction and evidence-based information.

However, as someone who went through the gauntlet of ’90s drug education myself, I can attest that knowledge doesn’t always translate to abstinence. My generation was subjected to a barrage of anti-drug messaging, yet many of us still experimented with various substances in our youth. So while improved education may play a role, it’s unlikely to be the sole factor driving this trend.

Perhaps we need to look at what today’s youth are doing instead. Enter the elephant in the room: social media. In many ways, social platforms have become the drug of choice for the younger generation. The constant dopamine hits from likes, shares, and notifications create a neurological response eerily similar to that of traditional stimulants. As kids spend more time glued to their screens, they may be less inclined to seek out other forms of stimulation.

Moreover, the ubiquity of social media has changed the nature of rebellion. When I was young, smoking a joint or sneaking a beer felt like acts of defiance against adult authority. But in a world where parents and grandparents are posting selfies and sharing memes, how does one rebel? For some youth, abstaining from substances their parents use might be the ultimate act of generational differentiation.

The normalization and legalization of cannabis in many areas have also played a role. As weed becomes more mainstream and socially accepted, it loses its countercultural edge. The image of cannabis has shifted from a symbol of rebellion to something your cool aunt does to relax after work. This transformation may have inadvertently made it less appealing to youth seeking to establish their own identity.

Lastly, we can’t ignore the practical aspects. As more adults turn to legal dispensaries for their cannabis, the street market that traditionally supplied curious teens has faced stiff competition. Legal establishments with strict ID checks have made it harder for underage users to access cannabis, potentially contributing to the decline in youth use.

In essence, today’s youth aren’t necessarily more virtuous or health-conscious than previous generations. They’re simply products of their environment – an environment that offers myriad digital distractions, blurs the lines of generational rebellion, and increasingly restricts access to substances. As we continue to navigate this shifting landscape, it’s crucial to remember that while reduced substance use among youth is generally positive, it doesn’t tell the whole story of their well-being. The challenges and pressures faced by today’s young people are unique, and our understanding and support should evolve accordingly.

 

As we turn our attention to the other end of the age spectrum, an intriguing trend emerges. While youth cannabis use is on the decline, adults over 50 are blazing up in record numbers. This demographic has become one of the fastest-growing segments of cannabis consumers, leaving many to wonder: why are the “olds” suddenly embracing their inner stoner?

To understand this phenomenon, we need to dive into the fascinating world of the endocannabinoid system. This complex network of receptors in our bodies doesn’t fully mature until around age 25. As we age, our natural endocannabinoid production tends to decline, leading to what some researchers call “endocannabinoid deficiency.” This can manifest in various ways, from mood disturbances to physical discomfort.

Enter cannabis. When older adults consume marijuana, they’re essentially giving their endocannabinoid system a much-needed boost. It’s like adding oil to a squeaky machine – suddenly, things start running more smoothly. Many report improvements in sleep, mood, and general well-being. It’s not just about getting high; for many, it’s about feeling balanced and functional.

Moreover, as we age, our bodies become less resilient to the effects of alcohol. A night of heavy drinking in your 20s might result in a manageable hangover, but the same indulgence in your 50s or 60s can knock you out for days. Cannabis, on the other hand, offers a gentler experience. You can enjoy an evening toke and still be ready to face the day come morning. For many older adults juggling work, family, and other responsibilities, this is a significant advantage.

Accessibility is another crucial factor. As more states legalize cannabis, it’s becoming increasingly easy for adults to walk into a dispensary and purchase high-quality, regulated products. Gone are the days of relying on sketchy dealers or questionable sources. This ease of access, combined with the normalization of cannabis use, has made it a more appealing option for older adults who might have been hesitant in the past.

Let’s not forget the economic aspect. In many cases, cannabis can be a more cost-effective option than alcohol, especially when consumed in moderation. A single joint can provide an evening’s worth of relaxation, often at a lower cost than a night out drinking. For retirees or those on fixed incomes, this economic advantage can be particularly appealing.

The health benefits of cannabis, especially when compared to alcohol, can’t be overstated. While excessive use of any substance can be harmful, moderate cannabis consumption doesn’t carry the same risks of liver damage, addiction, or long-term health consequences associated with alcohol abuse. For older adults looking to unwind without compromising their health, cannabis presents an attractive alternative.

In essence, the rising popularity of cannabis among older adults is a perfect storm of biological, practical, and social factors. It offers a way to potentially improve health and well-being, provides a gentler recreational experience, and aligns with changing social norms. As more research emerges on the potential benefits of cannabis for age-related issues, we may see this trend continue to grow.

Of course, it’s important to note that cannabis use, like any substance, should be approached responsibly and with an understanding of potential risks and interactions with medications. But for many in the over-50 crowd, it seems that cannabis is proving to be a welcome addition to their golden years.

Who would have thought that the “reefer madness” generation would end up being the ones to fully embrace the green revolution?

 

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The Price of Cannabis Could Drop Over 50% with Full Federal Legalization? Margins are Bad Now, But Could Get Worse!

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Introduction

As Benzinga suggested first, new research suggests that cannabis prices in the United States could significantly decrease if the substance were legalized nationwide. Legalizing cannabis is expected to increase supply, reduce black market activity, and enable taxation, all of which would contribute to lower consumer prices.

Interstate commerece would be a huge benefits for consumers, think Amazon and overnight shipping, but while a boom for cannabis retailers bottom top line, their bottom line could take a beating as price competition and consumer access increases dramatically online and on smartphones. Full legalization, meaning not a criminal substance or requiring limited or no licensing, would allow new suppliers to come into the market from all over the world. Countries and states with low electricity, water, and labor costs could create a “rush to the bottom”; on pricing as they try and flood the market with products. For example, Colombia reports $0.06 a gram pricing on cannabis and is already exporting marijuana aroudn the world.

Currently in America, cannabis prices vary widely across states, influenced by local regulations and market dynamics. For instance, states with established legal markets, like Colorado and Washington, have seen prices decrease over time as competition increases and supply chains become more efficient. In contrast, illegal markets often drive prices up due to risks associated with law enforcement and limited supply.

The study highlights that legalization could also lead to economic benefits, such as increased tax revenue and job creation within the cannabis industry. As of 2024, 37 states and Washington, D.C., have legalized cannabis in some form, yet federal legalization remains a contentious issue. Advocates argue that legalizing cannabis would not only lower prices but also diminish the societal costs associated with prohibition, including law enforcement expenditures estimated at $3.6 billion annually.

 

Economic Benefits of Cannabis Legalization

  • Tax Revenue: If cannabis were federally legal, it’s estimated the industry would amass $131.8 billion in federal tax revenue between 2017 and 2025[2]. This money could go toward programs that benefit communities, especially those disproportionately affected by the war on drugs.

 

  • Job Creation: The cannabis industry is the fastest growing industry, doubling in size over the past four years and creating 121,000 full-time jobs[2]. It’s expected that legal cannabis jobs will grow by 250% over the next 10 years, more than any other industry.

 

  • Savings from Prohibition Enforcement: The American Civil Liberties Union estimates that $7.7 billion is spent per year to enforce the war on drugs[2]. If taxed the same as tobacco and alcohol, cannabis could bring in as much as $6 billion per year.

 

State-Level Economic Impacts

A study examining state-level outcomes found that states that legalized recreational marijuana experienced statistically significant increases in their overall employment growth rate and average housing rents. The economic effects increased over time, with both employment growth rate and median rent growth becoming more statistically significant as more years passed after recreational legalization.

However, another study found that while there were moderate economic gains, these were accompanied by some social costs. Post-legalization, average state income grew by 3%, house prices by 6%, and population by 2%. But substance use disorders, chronic homelessness, and arrests increased by 17%, 35%, and 13%, respectively.

 

County-Level Analysis

The second analysis examined county-level data, investigating the economic impacts of legalizing recreational marijuana by exploiting the county/local options for whether recreational marijuana dispensaries are allowed. The study aimed to examine how the benefits are distributed between counties with and without recreational dispensaries and the types of local areas that especially benefit.

Colorado was used as a case study, as it was one of the earliest adopters of legalized recreational cannabis along with Washington[5]. The study looked at whether counties that allowed dispensaries had different outcomes than those who did not, such as the potential loss of young adults in communities that did not allow recreational sales.

 

Potential Negative Consequences

While the economic benefits of cannabis legalization are significant, there are also potential negative consequences to consider:

  • Increased Substance Use: The legalization of cannabis has raised concerns about its potential impact on substance use, especially among young adults. Research indicates that legalization may lead to increased consumption in this demographic due to greater accessibility, enhanced social acceptance, and lower prices. As cannabis becomes more available, young adults may be more likely to experiment with it, which could result in higher rates of use and an increased risk of developing cannabis use disorders. Additionally, the introduction of potent products, such as edibles and concentrates, may further contribute to these trends. While legalization offers economic and social benefits, it is essential to consider its potential negative effects on substance use patterns among vulnerable populations like young adults.

  • Healthcare Utilization: The legalization of cannabis has been linked to an increase in cannabis-related healthcare visits, raising important public health concerns. Studies from states like Colorado, the first to legalize recreational cannabis, have reported a significant rise in emergency department visits associated with cannabis use, with hospitalizations for cannabis abuse increasing by 27% compared to pre-legalization rates. This uptick includes not only cases of abuse but also acute effects such as psychosis and overdose. The increase in healthcare utilization may result from greater accessibility to cannabis, leading to higher consumption and more adverse health outcomes. While some research indicates that overall healthcare utilization may remain stable, the specific rise in cannabis-related visits underscores the need for ongoing monitoring and further research to understand the long-term health implications of legalization.

  • Impaired Driving: The legalization of cannabis has raised concerns about its potential impact on public safety, particularly in relation to impaired driving. Several studies have found evidence of increased rates of driving under the influence of cannabis following legalization. For instance, research conducted in Colorado and Washington, two of the first states to legalize recreational cannabis, has shown a rise in the number of drivers involved in fatal crashes who tested positive for THC, the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis. This trend is particularly worrying given the well-established link between cannabis use and impaired cognitive and motor functions, which can significantly increase the risk of accidents. Furthermore, the legalization of cannabis may lead to a normalization of its use, potentially leading to more individuals driving while impaired. While the development of reliable roadside tests for cannabis impairment remains a challenge, the increase in impaired driving following legalization highlights the need for robust public education campaigns and the implementation of effective policies to address this critical issue.

  • Mixed Findings on Attitudes: The literature on cannabis legalization reveals mixed findings regarding changes in public attitudes toward cannabis use. While some studies indicate increased acceptance and normalization, particularly among younger demographics, other research shows attitudes may not have shifted significantly or have become more polarized. Surveys in legalized states often report growing acceptance, viewing cannabis as a legitimate recreational option. However, certain segments, including older adults and those with prior negative experiences, may express more concern about potential societal impacts, such as youth use. The complexity of attitudes is influenced by personal experiences, cultural background, and ongoing media narratives. This mixed evidence underscores the need for continued research to understand how legalization affects perceptions and inform public policy and education efforts.

 

Conclusion

The potential legalization of cannabis nationwide in the United States presents an opportunity for significant reductions in cannabis prices, driven by increased supply, diminished black market activity, and the ability to impose taxation. While the economic benefits, such as enhanced tax revenue and job creation, are compelling, it is crucial to consider the associated negative consequences. These include increased substance use among young adults, a rise in cannabis-related healthcare visits, heightened instances of impaired driving, and mixed findings regarding public attitudes toward cannabis. Although the literature indicates various negative outcomes, the findings are often mixed and do not suggest large magnitude short-term impacts. Therefore, further research is essential to comprehensively understand the broader economic and social implications of cannabis legalization.

 

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