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What Happened to Hemp? – Canna Law Blog™

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Last week, a LinkedIn post by cannabis economist Beau Whitney caught my eye, because Beau said something pretty amazing. He said: “licensed acres in hemp are at pre-farm bill levels.”

Could that be true? Before the 2018 Farm Bill, only a few states ran limited “research” pilot programs for hemp. I did my best to confirm Beau’s statement and was reminded of how challenging it has always been to aggregate data in this space. But, take a look:

  • The USDA 2022 National Hemp Report, at page 1, indicates that all industrial hemp “in the open” totaled 28,314 acres. This includes hemp grown for flower/CBD, grain, fiber or seed. The report mentions another 105 acres (my math) grown “under protection.”
  • This USDA study, figure 2, page 4, shows states reporting nearly 30,000 total hemp acres “licensed or approved” for cultivation in 2017. It doesn’t appear that much of this was greenhouse acreage, and I presume it includes hemp cultivated for all uses.

The study with 2017 data contains a disclaimer that “not all States reported data on the same basis.” Also, the 2017 data includes acreage for “approved” and not exclusively “cultivated”, hemp. I could note a few other things, but you get the idea: it seems awfully close. Maybe there really were more licensed hemp acres in 2017 than today.

Farm Bill hemp has followed a dizzying arc. Before the 2018 Farm Bill, hardly anything happened with the crop; and even then it was fits and starts. After the 2018 Farm Bill passed, though, the gold rush commenced. We formed a bunch of companies for growers here in Oregon, for example, structuring investments, buying and selling farmland, etc. The whole thing crashed following the 2019 growing season, and a spate of lawsuits ran through the office. Today, almost no one seems to be growing hemp.

People are still selling hemp-derived products, though. Many of them are in the legally problematic CBD food and beverage space. But there are also oils, tinctures, capsules, lotions, creams, smokables, and miscellaneous categories (like pillows!). Many of those cannabinoid products are now made from legacy U.S. distillate, or from imported hemp. (If you’re interested on the legality of all of these products, check out our massive hemp/CBD archive here).

So what happened? This is something that’s been talked about extensively. The common culprit is the “CBD bubble”, but in my opinion there’s so much more going on. Mini hit list below.

Bad policy and the new cannabinoids markets

It always starts with policy. And here’s the fundamental problem, in my opinion: hemp and marijuana are the same plant, albeit with different levels of THC. But Congress is trying to regulate that plant in profoundly different ways, under statutes tethered by the most tenuous, definitional threads. Further, federal agencies are often out of step with each other and with states. And states have taken any number of approaches— not just on the THC side, but also with hemp-derived food, beverages and other products.

The legal rubric is positively Kafkaesque, starting at the federal level. Pursuant to the 2018 Farm Bill, when a cannabis plant tests at or below 0.3% delta-9 THC on a dry weight basis, it’s legally classified as “hemp.” When it tests above that threshold, it’s legally classified as “marijuana.” When it’s a seed of a marijuana plant, though, it’s probably “hemp” again. I said “probably”. Got it? It might not matter anyway, because this could change again this fall (more on that below).

Until then, there’s more– especially when we’re talking about anything beyond plants in their vegetative state. When hemp is processed for intoxicating effects (e.g. Delta-8 and Delta-10 THC products), the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals said: those products may be OK; that’s “lawful use in commerce.” But while you’re processing that hemp you may be committing felonies!, says DEA. The D.C. Court of Appeals agreed. From FDA’s perspective, many (but not all) CBD products violate the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act; as do other cannabinoid products (at least sometimes). Not that the FDA will do much about it.

Clearly, change is needed here. Marijuana and hemp should be regulated under a common rubric. This means that hemp legislation should be crafted with “marijuana” and hemp-derived products in mind. As it stands, due to loopholes – real and perceived – arising out of the 2018 Farm Bill, we’re left with an unwieldy, unregulated cannabinoids market. Meanwhile, the fiber and grain markets anticipated by Congress in 2018 have fizzled.

Waiting on the fiber and grain markets

Several commentators have noted an increased demand for hempcrete, animal feed and plastics. Yet, a disconnect exists between fiber and grain farmers, on the one hand, and manufacturers, on the other. This stems from the fact that hemp grown for fiber and grain isn’t exempt from the cumbersome Farm Bill testing provisions, which require these utilitarian crops to undergo THC testing. It’s just too much cost, bureaucracy and exposure for many farmers who could be growing other crops.

Low crop outputs give rise to light manufacturing capacity, regardless of any increased consumer demand. I don’t see this changing until the THC testing requirements are relaxed or removed. Ironically, intoxicant testing hasn’t hurt the “intoxicating new cannabinoids” market– it has only hurt farmers and industrial capacity. Also ironically, as industrial hemp production declines, U.S. hemp imports have increased annually. The 2018 Farm Bill was supposed to reverse that.

What happens next in U.S. hemp policy

The good news is the Farm Bill is renewed every five years. This means Congress has another bite at the apple this fall. The bad news is the Farm Bill is renewed every five years; Congress has another bite at the apple this fall. Here are five of the big picture items on trade association and politician agendas, some of which have made it into proposed legislation:

  1. Increase the allowed THC limit. The target number here is always 1.0% Delta-9 THC, rather than the 0.3% we have today. We’ve been pushing this for years. But even if the THC limit increases, expect the “total THC” standard to remain, which means that actual Delta-9 THC won’t be the only metric for calculating THC content.
  2. Revisit provisions of the Farm Bill or interpretations of the Farm Bill pushed by the DEA, which currently make hemp processors susceptible to civil penalties and felony charges for possession or transport of “hot hemp”, regardless of whether the THC limit is 0.3%, or 1.0%.
  3. Clarify that certain cannabinoids are legal, or not. Especially the ones that the Farm Bill accidentally legalized, or didn’t. This ties directly into marijuana policy, the Controlled Substances Act, and what DEA is thinking about.
  4. Jettison “in progress testing.” This would moot the problematic DEA rule referenced above, which was upheld by the D.C Court of Appeal. The 2023 Farm Bill should permit a temporary spike in THC levels, consistent with standard manufacturing processes and, you know, organic chemistry.
  5. Incentivize hemp farmers by creating a remediation protocol for “hot hemp.” As things stand, pre-harvest hemp that tests hot must be destroyed, even if it could be remediated. Considering that a lot of the hemp on the market is turned into extract, that’s a lot of money down the drain.

I do think we’ll see some of these changes in the 2023 Farm Bill, based on introduced legislation and the  failure of 2018 Farm Bill policy. The federal government doesn’t support this proliferation of intoxicating, hemp-derived products on offer at gas stations around the country — salable in many cases to minors — or the fact that the fiber and grain markets are stillborn.

Unfortunately, I don’t feel optimistic that Congress will view these issues with the wide-angle lens needed to shore up cannabis policy. The proposed bills I’ve reviewed seem limited in scope: for example, recently introducted HR 3775 would separate the fiber and grain markets from hemp grown for flower. That’s a good start, in theory. But we need more than a good start here. We need a wholistic U.S. policy for the cannabis plant.



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America’s Constitutional Conundrum: Guns and Ganja

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gun rights and medical marijuana

Of Guns and Ganja: America’s Constitutional Conundrum

 

If there’s one thing America is famous for, it’s guns – and lots of ’em! In the land of the free and home of the brave, firearms aren’t just a right, they’re practically a national pastime. With over 400 million firearms floating around a nation of 330 million people, it’s safe to say that guns are as American as apple pie and baseball.

But you know what else Americans love? Drugs. The US remains the world’s largest drug market, with an particularly passionate affair with cannabis. Mary Jane has come a long way since the “Just Say No” propaganda of the D.A.R.E. days. Now, millions of Americans legally light up in their home states, transforming from “criminals” to “consumers” faster than you can say “tax revenue.”

Here’s where things get sticky though. Despite the Biden administration’s vague promises of reform, cannabis remains stubbornly classified as a Schedule I substance at the federal level. This creates a peculiar predicament for freedom-loving Americans who appreciate both their Second Amendment rights and their evening toke.

You see, there’s this obscure interpretation of federal law that says if you consume cannabis – even legally in your state – you’re technically not allowed to own firearms. Let that sink in for a moment: in a country with more guns than people, where cannabis is legally sold in most states, you’re forced to choose between your constitutional right to bear arms and your state-sanctioned right to consume a plant.

As you might imagine, telling Americans they can’t have their guns AND their ganja isn’t exactly going over well. It’s a uniquely American saga that pits state rights against federal law, personal freedom against bureaucratic overreach, and common sense against, well… whatever you’d call this situation.

Let’s dive into this bizarre legal battleground where constitutional rights and cannabis collide.

As America’s cannabis landscape evolves, we’re witnessing a fascinating legal tug-of-war between state sovereignty and federal authority. The latest battleground? The constitutional rights of cannabis consumers to bear arms.

In a groundbreaking decision, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit recently reaffirmed that banning occasional marijuana users from owning firearms is unconstitutional. The case, known as U.S. v. Daniels, centers around a man who was sentenced to four years in prison after police found trace amounts of cannabis and firearms during a routine traffic stop. Talk about wrong place, wrong time!

The federal government, particularly under the Biden administration, has been performing some impressive mental gymnastics to justify their position. Their argument? Cannabis users with guns “endanger public safety,” “pose a greater risk of suicide,” and are more likely to commit crimes “to fund their drug habit.” They’ve even argued that cannabis consumers are “unlikely to store their weapons properly.” I guess they never met my ex-military uncle who meticulously organizes his gun safe while enjoying his evening edible.

But here’s where it gets really interesting. The Department of Justice claims the restriction is perfectly constitutional because it aligns with the nation’s history of disarming “dangerous” individuals. They’re essentially putting cannabis users in the same category as folks with domestic violence restraining orders. As someone who’s spent considerable time around both cannabis users and domestic abusers (professionally, of course), I can tell you there’s a slight difference in temperament.

The courts, however, aren’t buying it. As the Fifth Circuit pointed out, the government failed to prove that Daniels was “presently or even regularly intoxicated at the time of arrest.” They noted that even if the government had proven frequent intoxication, they offered “no Founding-era law or practice of disarming ordinary citizens ‘even if their intoxication was routine.'”

The ruling doesn’t completely invalidate the federal statute (known as § 922(g)(3)), but it does expose its shaky constitutional foundation. As the court stated, “This is not a windfall for defendants charged under § 922(g)(3),” but rather a recognition that the government’s enforcement approach is fundamentally flawed.

Meanwhile, the National Rifle Association (NRA) – not exactly known for their progressive stance on substances – acknowledges the absurdity of the situation. They point out that “marijuana use is no longer limited to the domain of indigenous religious customs or youth-oriented counterculture and now includes a wide variety of people who use it for medicinal or recreational reasons.” When even the NRA is suggesting your gun control measure might be a bit extreme, you know something’s amiss.

The result of all this legal wrangling? A patchwork of confusion where state-legal cannabis users must choose between their Second Amendment rights and their medicine or recreational preference. It’s a prime example of how federal prohibition creates more problems than it solves, forcing otherwise law-abiding citizens to become unwitting criminals simply for exercising multiple legal rights simultaneously.

Welcome to America, folks, where you can have your guns or your ganja, but apparently not both – at least until the courts finish sorting out this constitutional cannabis conundrum.

Let me be blunt – we’re caught in a classic American political pretzel. The Biden administration dangles the carrot of rescheduling cannabis to Schedule III, making vague promises that sound good on the campaign trail but do little to address the fundamental issues plaguing cannabis consumers, including their right to bear arms.

While some celebrate these baby steps toward reform, I’ve been around this block enough times to know that rescheduling is like putting a Band-Aid on a bullet wound. It might stop some bleeding, but it doesn’t address the underlying trauma. The gun rights issue is just one of many complications that arise from cannabis’s continued inclusion in the Controlled Substances Act (CSA).

Here’s the uncomfortable truth: there’s only one real solution, and it runs straight through the halls of Congress. The same body that created this mess with the CSA in 1971 is the only one with the power to truly fix it. Congress needs to completely remove cannabis from the CSA – not reschedule it, not modify its status, but fully deschedule it.

Think about it. Rescheduling to Schedule III would still leave cannabis in a weird legal limbo. Sure, it might make research easier and give Big Pharma more room to play, but what about the millions of Americans who use cannabis medicinally or recreationally in their state-legal markets? They’d still be federal criminals, still banned from purchasing firearms, still caught in the crossfire between state and federal law.

The only path forward is complete removal from the CSA, coupled with a federal framework that respects state markets while establishing basic national standards. This would resolve the gun rights issue overnight – no more choosing between your Second Amendment rights and your medicine or recreational preference.

Would I love to see Congress completely overhaul the CSA? Absolutely. The entire scheduling system is based on outdated science and political theater rather than actual harm reduction principles. But let’s be realistic – that’s about as likely as finding bipartisan agreement on… well, anything these days.

Instead, we need to focus on what’s achievable: complete cannabis descheduling. This isn’t just about guns and ganja – it’s about fixing a broken system that’s created countless legal paradoxes and unnecessary criminal penalties. It’s about acknowledging that the emperor has no clothes, that cannabis prohibition has failed, and that it’s time to move forward with a sensible federal policy.

Until Congress acts, we’ll continue to see these legal battles play out in courts across the country, watching judges try to reconcile constitutional rights with outdated federal drug laws. It’s a waste of judicial resources, taxpayer money, and most importantly, it’s a waste of Americans’ time and freedom.

The solution is clear. The only question is: how many more Americans need to get caught in this legal crossfire before Congress finally does its job?

 

Inspiration:

https://www.marijuanamoment.net/federal-court-reaffirms-that-ban-

on-gun-ownership-for-people-who-occasionally-use-marijuana-is-unconstitutional/

https://www.marijuanamoment.net/nra-says-federal-ban-on-

marijuana-amid-state-level-legalization-has-created-confusing-legal-landscape-for-gun-owners/

 

CANNABIS AND GUN RIGHTS, READ ON…

CANNABIS USERS GUNS RIGHT

WHY CAN’T MMJ PATIENTS OWN GUNS, AGAIN? READ THIS!



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MLK Day 2025: Cannabis and Civil Rights

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It’s MLK Day once again.

I’ve been writing an MLK Day post on this blog for eight consecutive years. The theme of my posts is that cannabis is a civil rights issue, and that Dr. King would have advocated for ending prohibition based on that fact.

Each year, I have demonstrated with facts (upon facts upon facts) that the War on Drugs continues in insidious ways. In, 2023, which is the most recent year that FBI data is available, law enforcement officials made over 200,000 arrests for marijuana-related convictions. Those 200,000 arrests constitute roughly 25% of all drug-related arrests.

Sadly, arrests of black people constituted 29% of all drug arrests in 2023, although only 13.6% of Americans are black.

Heading into MLK Day weekend, President Biden announced that he is commuting the sentences of nearly 2,500 people convicted of non-violent drug offenses. The focus was predominantly on individuals “who received lengthy sentences based on discredited distinctions between crack and powder cocaine…”, as opposed to cannabis-related crimes. According to the Last Prisoner Project, “the total number of those incarcerated for cannabis who received commutations is not knows, but nine LPP constituents will be free.”

For all that Biden promised as to cannabis, it’s the least we could have asked. Under the new Trump administration, attention will quickly return to the frustrating marijuana rescheduling process. If cannabis ends up on Schedule III, criminal penalties for traffickers may soften, but make no mistake: possessing and distributing cannabis will still be a federal crime.

At the state level, where most arrest occur, progress has slowed in the last few years. Out here where I live in Oregon, with our 800 cannabis stores, it’s astonishing to think of 200,000 annual cannabis arrests– most for simple possession, no less.

There is a lot of work to do. Here are a short list of organizations if you’d like to get involved:

For prior posts in this series:



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No Smoking, No Vaping – What’s the Safest Way to Consume Cannabis Based on Your Genetics and Science?

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safest way to consume cannabis

The Safest Way To Consume Cannabis For Health, According To Science and Genetics

 

Marijuana legalization continues to help thousands of people.

Most especially those who need marijuana to treat conditions in a safer, more natural, and more cost-effective manner compared to pricey, addictive, and dangerous pharmaceutical medications. That said, not all weed is made the same: depending on where you get your weed, some of it may be grown using pesticides, which can be bad for your health especially when smoked. So yes, it does matter what kind of weed you’re smoking and where you got it from.

In addition, not all methods of consumption are also the same. Many consumers, particularly extremely health-conscious individuals, prefer not to smoke weed. Smoking weed that’s been grown with pesticides can also be dangerous for one’s health. It’s especially not recommended if you are immunocompromised,

 

That’s why a growing number of consumers prefer to explore the variety of other consumption methods available these days, such as edibles, tinctures, beverages, and cannabis oil to name a few.

Now, the results of a new study have just been published, suggesting that cannabis oil extracts may be the safest way to consume weed. Researchers studied MCT oils that contained high concentrations of CBD with some THC.

 

“Several studies have found damage to various chromosomal associated with cannabinoid use,” said the researchers. “Considering numerous studies demonstrating the genotoxicity of cannabis, it is noteworthy that many of these investigations have focused on individuals who consume cannabis through smoking or in cigarette form, normally rich in THC,” they said.

 

The researchers specifically found that extracts of cannabis sativa don’t exhibit genotoxic or mutagenic potential in doses that are commonly used by patients to manage anxiety, pain, epilepsy, and other conditions. “Although the current literature on cannabis sativa extract remains inconsistent, most evidence suggests that these extracts are safe for cells and DNA under both acute and chronic experimental conditions, even at high doses, in studies involving both male and female animals,” wrote the researchers.

 

Some consumers were alarmed recently when studies, albeit weak in nature, were published, which suggested that cannabis smoke had the potential to be genotoxic. That said, it still isn’t recommended for individuals who may be immunocompromised but there is no strong evidence that cannabis can indeed cause genetic mutations.

 

Since oral consumption of cannabis oil bypasses the respiratory system and allows patients a more accurate way to dose, it’s become the preferred method of consumption for many medical cannabis patients. Whether you’re young or old, the safety profile of cannabis oil has been proven; this is especially true if you wish to avoid respiratory harm.

 

The Role Of Quality Cannabis In Health

 

As cannabis consumers, there are many ways you can ensure that you’re medicating with clean, safe cannabis that’s free from dangerous contaminants. Pesticides aren’t the only contaminants to be aware of; street cannabis sold by dealers can be laced with toxic additives and even fatal ingredients, such as in the notorious case of the tainted THC vapes containing Vitamin E acetate. Other undesirable ingredients to take note of include residual solvents and heavy metals.

 

It’s also your role as a consumer to do research about the quality of cannabis you buy. Of course, it makes sense to only buy from licensed cannabis dispensaries since they can easily supply laboratory-tested cannabis products. From edibles to oils, flowers and more, licensed dispensaries can provide products that have a Certificate of Analysis or COA, which can either be printed on the packaging itself, accessed online, or via a QR code. A cannabis product with a COA can give you peace of mind that the product meets stringent testing and quality standards.

 

In addition, you can also seek out certified organic cannabis products. Of course, the fact that cannabis still isn’t federally legal means that there is nothing similar to a USDA Organic certification for weed, though some manufacturers make it easier for consumers these days to know if they are buying organic or not. For example, if you live in California, you can look for Clean Green Certified or OCal (weed that has been grown in standard that are comparable to organic).

 

 

Conclusion


If you are older or have pre-existing medical conditions, the best way to medicate with marijuana is by taking cannabis oil orally. It’s also extremely versatile, since it can be used to treat an array of conditions ranging from nausea to chronic pain, headaches, muscle pain, and so much more. While it may have reduced bioavailability compared to smoking, cannabis oil extracts do provide fairly quick relief for several conditions.

 

Smoking weed in any form, whether by flower, vape oil, or concentrates, should be avoided or limited altogether. There are also other potential consumption methods that are safer and more suitable for the immunocompromised, such as sprays, edibles, and topicals.

 

It also helps to carefully consider the type of cannabinoids you are consuming. For patients that need to medicate during the daytime, CBD or high-CBD products are always preferred. One must be careful with THC especially if you are older, operate machinery, or have no previous experience with psychoactive drugs. Always start with the lowest dose possible, and work your way to a higher dose slowly.

 

SAFEST WAY TO USE WEED, READ ON…

SAFEST WAY TO USE WEED

AMERICANS DON’T KNOW THE SAFEST WAYS TO USE WEED!



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