Cannabis News
Hop Latent Viroid – The Invisible Threat Plaguing the Cannabis Industry
Once upon a time, cannabis was the black sheep of the plant world. The subject of fierce debate, it was demonized by governments, feared by citizens, and shrouded in an aura of danger and mystery.
For decades, the plant languished in the shadows, relegated to the fringes of society and relegated to the status of an illicit substance. But as time passed, attitudes began to shift. People began to question the status quo, to demand change, and to organize around a cause that they believed in.
Through their tireless efforts, laws began to change. Slowly but surely, the world began to see cannabis in a new light – not as a threat, but as a potential source of healing, relaxation, and creative inspiration.
And so, a new industry began to take root. With the stigma of prohibition slowly fading away, cannabis cultivators, processors, and sellers began to emerge from the shadows, eager to bring their products to market and to capitalize on the newfound interest in this once-taboo plant.
But even as the industry blossomed, new threats began to emerge – threats that could not have existed during the days of prohibition. Threats that were invisible, insidious, and difficult to detect.
One such threat was the hop latent viroid – a plant-specific pathogenic RNA that had begun to ravage cannabis crops across the globe. At first, the viroid had gone unnoticed, lurking in the shadows like a silent assassin.
But as more and more growers began to fall victim to its effects, it became clear that something had to be done. The viroid had the potential to destroy entire crops, decimating the fledgling industry and leaving countless people out of work.
And so, a new battle began. A battle not against governments or police, but against an invisible enemy that threatened to destroy everything that the industry had worked so hard to build.
As scientists raced to develop new treatments and growers struggled to protect their crops, the cannabis industry found itself facing a new kind of adversity – one that could not be fought with fists or weapons, but with knowledge, skill, and innovation.
It was a new kind of frontier, a new kind of battle, and a new kind of threat. But the cannabis industry was nothing if not resilient, and it was determined to overcome this latest challenge, just as it had overcome so many others before.
And so, the fight against the hop latent viroid continues. But with each passing day, the industry grows stronger, more united, and more determined to build a brighter future for all.
Now for what’s really going on…
That story is the story of the cannabis industry, how it escaped the clutches of prohibition only to be faced with a new challenge – pathogens!
Hop latent viroid, a highly infectious crop disease, is posing a grave threat to the cannabis industry across the United States. The virus, which is a plant-specific pathogenic RNA, has been called the greatest threat to the industry and can easily spread undetected, affecting the potency of plants and destroying the commercial value of crops.
The pathogen has now spread from California to Massachusetts, and almost all of California’s marijuana nurseries were affected in 2021. As cannabis remains illegal on a federal level, growers are not able to ship plants across state lines, which has created a gray area in some state regulations that allows growers to acquire seeds or immature plants from out of state. This has led to an increase in the spread of the virus.
Growers have to take rigorous precautions to prevent the spread of hop latent viroid, including regular lab testing, sourcing plants from pre-tested seed or local stock, and strict sanitation procedures. Companies that cut corners to save time and money are now facing the consequences of the virus, which can only be dealt with by destroying everything affected.
While hop latent viroid is just one pathogen that poses a threat to the cannabis industry, it highlights the importance of scientific testing and the need for higher standards in the industry. As more companies and products enter the commercial cannabis market, the threat of disease puts pressure on businesses to prioritize safety over the bottom line.
The consequences of the virus are not just limited to the financial impact on growers, but also to the health and safety of consumers. Contaminated products could hurt consumers, which emphasizes the need for proper testing and adherence to regulations. However, there isn’t much evidence of this just yet. Nonetheless, it’s important that people not consume these pathogens which is why some form of regulation – especially on the commercial sector – does call for “some” regulation. Mainly within the sphere of product safety.
It’s important that this problem be dealt with promptly to prevent further damage to the already fragile cannabis industry, which is facing increasing competition and a drop in demand. The Cannabis Control Commission in Massachusetts is building out testing and lab staff to ensure compliance with regulations, and more research needs to be done to ensure the safety of the industry.
This is something that will become more prevalent as the cannabis industry continues to expand their reach into new markets. In fact, international pathogens could soon be a problem, and how these pathogens impact global markets will have an impact on prices.
The Age of Pathogens
The prevalence of cannabis-related pathogens is a growing concern for the cannabis industry. While hop latent viroid has recently grabbed the attention of growers, there are many other pathogens that have the potential to harm cannabis crops. Some are well-known, like powdery mildew and botrytis, while others are more obscure.
Pathogens like these can cause significant damage to cannabis crops, leading to yield loss, reduced potency, and increased susceptibility to other diseases. They can also be difficult to detect and control, which makes prevention and preparedness essential to maintaining crop integrity.
One way to address this issue is by keeping genetic records of all cannabis plants. By maintaining a record of genetic information for each plant, growers can identify and track specific genotypes that are more resilient to certain pathogens. This will allow them to make informed decisions when choosing which plants to cultivate, and to develop strategies for managing specific pathogens.
Furthermore, maintaining genetic records can also help unlock the potential medical properties that could be locked away in a particular genotype. By understanding the genetic makeup of cannabis plants and how they interact with different pathogens, scientists can identify the chemical compounds and properties that may be useful for treating a variety of ailments.
In addition to genetic records, there are other strategies that can be employed to prevent the spread of cannabis-related pathogens. These include proper sanitation procedures, regular lab testing, and sourcing plants from pre-tested seed or local stock.
It’s also important to note that new pathogens are always emerging, and there’s a lot that we still don’t know about the potential threats to cannabis crops. This highlights the need for continued research and innovation in the industry, as well as a willingness to adapt and evolve in the face of new challenges.
Small-scale cannabis growers face unique challenges when it comes to protecting their crops from pathogens. Unlike large commercial growers who have access to extensive resources, small growers must rely on more practical and cost-effective methods to ensure the health and vitality of their plants. Here are some of the most practical ways that small grows can protect themselves from pathogens, along with some best practices and tips for building a seed vault.
One of the most important steps small growers can take to protect their crops is to start with clean genetics. This means sourcing seeds or clones from reputable breeders who have a proven track record of producing healthy, pathogen-free plants. By starting with clean genetics, small growers can avoid introducing pathogens into their grows in the first place.
Regular sanitation is also crucial for small grows. This includes regularly cleaning and disinfecting all equipment, tools, and surfaces in the grow area. Growers should also take care to avoid cross-contamination by not moving between grows without cleaning and changing clothes.
Another practical step small growers can take is to implement regular lab testing. This can be expensive, but many labs offer affordable testing packages for small growers. Regular testing can help detect pathogens early, allowing growers to take action before the problem becomes more serious.
Using natural pest control methods is another practical approach that small growers can take. For example, using beneficial insects like ladybugs and praying mantises can help control pests like spider mites and aphids without the use of harmful chemicals.
Building a seed vault is also a practical way for small growers to protect themselves from pathogens. A seed vault is a collection of seeds that are stored in a cool, dry place for future use. By maintaining a collection of seeds from a variety of strains, small growers can ensure that they always have a backup plan in case of crop failure or contamination.
To start building a seed vault, small growers should first determine which strains they want to collect. It’s a good idea to focus on strains that are known to be resilient to pathogens and that have a proven track record of success. Once the strains have been identified, growers can start collecting seeds by purchasing them from reputable seed banks or by collecting them from their own plants.
Once the seeds have been collected, small growers should store them in a cool, dry place. A refrigerator or a cool, dark room is ideal for storing seeds. Growers should also take care to label each seed with the strain name and the date of collection.
These are the most practical steps you can take to ensure that no matter how harsh it gets out there, you’re able to weather the storm and keep your ship afloat. By ship, I’m referring to your cannabis grow of course!
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Understanding How The Entourage Effect Works In Psychedelic Mushrooms
Learn fascinating ways about how magic mushrooms work!
Most of us are already familiar with the entourage effect in marijuana. In essence, the entourage effect means that the therapeutic compounds in cannabis work more efficiently with one another, synergistically, to provide health benefits that are more powerful compared to when we take compounds on its own. While there are cannabis products that isolate THC and CBD, the science tells us that taking flower or full-spectrum form, where other cannabinoids and terpenes are present, are much more effective than one compound on its own.
The concept of the entourage effect was discovered in 1999 by none other than Raphael Mechoulam, the famous godfather of THC. Up until recently, most of what we know about the entourage effect has been limited to cannabis plants.
Now, there’s new data suggesting that the same can be observed when medicating with psychedelic mushrooms.
After all, psilocybin mushrooms – just like marijuana – also contain a complex array of other compounds, not just the star compound they are known for. While we do have some knowledge of how psilocybin works in the body thanks to clinical tests, keep in mind they do make use of synthesized psilocybin for research most of the time.
According to a recent study, psilocybin extracts may have more powerful health benefits for treating depression, OCD, anxiety, and PTSD to name a few because of the other psychoactive as well as non-psychoactive compounds in the mushroom. “My colleagues and I are very interested in the potential of psychedelics to treat serious, treatment resistant psychiatric disorders such as depression, PTSD, OCD and even schizophrenia,” explains Bernard Lerer, study author and a psychiatry professor and director at the Hadassah BrainLabs Center for Psychedelic Research at Hebrew University.
“There are many anecdotal and clinical reports which suggest that extract of psilocybin-containing mushrooms may have unique effects that are qualitatively and quantitatively different from chemical psilocybin, and also some preclinical studies. This observation has important clinical implications and we wanted to test it empirically in a laboratory study,” they said. So for the study, the researchers compared naturally-derived mushroom extracts to chemically made psilocybin, with the intention of discovering whether the other compounds within the extract can provide benefits that are not found when consuming isolated psilocybin.
The researchers utilized male adult mice for the trials; they were divided into groups: some were given the naturally occurring mushroom extracts, while the others were given the synthetic psilocybin. Meanwhile, others were given a control solution made of saline. Additionally, the researchers analyzed the heat twitch response (HTR) assay, which is a reputable method for analyzing the impacts of psychedelics on mice. Furthermore, the researchers analyzed the mice in a molecular and biochemical level to understand any synaptic protein expressions within the brain, which are features of neuroplasticity.
The results were astonishing: they found that the brains of the mice who were given the naturally occurring mushroom extracts showed more significant neuroplasticity markers through the presence of synaptic proteins, specifically GAP43, SV2A, PSD95, and synaptophysin. Since these proteins are required for development, synaptic growth, and neuroplasticity, these findings suggest that naturally occurring mushroom extracts may indeed have a more powerful impact compared to psilocybin isolate.
“Our findings need to be confirmed in human studies but they do suggest that there may be therapeutic advantages to psilocybin-containing mushroom extract over chemically synthesized psilocybin, when both are administered at the same psilocybin dose,” explains Lerer to Psypost.
So Much We Need To Uncover In The World Of Mushrooms
When magic mushrooms are cultivated and extracted naturally, the sub metabolites of the plant remain intact, unlike the isolated versions that are synthetically produced in a laboratory since it only contains psilocybin. There are several examples, such as the Baeocystin tryptamine, which can induce mild hallucinogenic effects. Beta-carbolines have also been discovered in psychedelic mushrooms, which can effectively help metabolize psilocin in the human body, causing a more intensive psychedelic experience.
But Why Is It Harder To Study Mushrooms Compared To Marijuana?
While the entourage effect of cannabis is already widely studied and better understood, the opposite is true when it comes to psychedelic mushrooms. There’s still so much we need to understand and study better; rodent studies are a start but translating them to humans is a whole other ball game. In addition, other experts have already acknowledged the challenges of identifying such impacts of the entourage effect.
For instance, Alan Rockefeller, a renowned mycologist who specializes in DNA sequencing as well as photography of fungi, tells Psychedelic Health: “No one really knows whether the entourage effect occurs with mushrooms.”
He goes on to elaborate the difficulties associated with studying mushrooms: “It is difficult to study because the same batch of mushrooms will have different effects in different people, and the same person on different days,” Rockefeller said. Also, it’s difficult to understand which compounds are active in a plant or mushroom, and how large the impact is for the active compounds. Researchers also need to understand the concentrations of each compound, and how different growing environments or processing can impact it.
“There are a dozen different tryptamines that can occur in mushrooms, plus a few beta-carbolines and hundreds of other molecules – so there is probably more than just psilocybin having an effect,” Rockefeller said. “Studying one compound at a time is hard enough, studying mixtures of hundreds of compounds is much more difficult. Without pure compounds, it is difficult to get repeatable results,” Rockefeller said. “It is possible that the therapeutic potential is different depending on the different compounds in the mushrooms. It’s also possible that psilocybin is the only thing that matters, and the other compounds are mostly inactive,” he said.
Conclusion
There’s so much yet that we need to know about how psychedelic mushrooms work. However, the possibilities that can be brought about by harnessing the power of the entourage effect in magic mushrooms is incredibly exciting. There is so much potential in this field that we can only truly uncover with more studies.
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People in the UK increasingly realize that CBD vaping is quite safe. Even NHS recommends CBD vaping as one of the relatively safer ways to quit smoking. Vaping is not without any harm, but it is much safer than tobacco smoking. Even more, CBD vaping is associated with some good health effects. However, now people are realizing that THC vape pens could be an even more potent way of enjoying CBD’s health benefits.
What is THC Vape?
If readers noticed that in the introduction of this text, we talked about CBD, there is a reason for that. THC vaping is different from CBD vaping, but not entirely. It has much in common with it.
The hemp plant is rich in many cannabinoids. Two major cannabinoids are THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (Cannabidiol). It also has many minor cannabinoids in smaller amounts, like CBG, CBC, CBN, THCV and CBDV. CBD vape pens generally have all these compounds except THC.
However, THC vape differ in the way that they also contain small amounts of THC along with CBD, minor cannabinoids, and other beneficial organic compounds like terpenes for added flavour and enhanced vaping experience.
So, why do some of the vape pens have added THC in small amounts? After all, THC is known to be addictive and has mind-altering properties. Well, the explanation is simple: the secret is in the dosage. In smaller and legally permitted dosages, THC does not cause a high; it is safe and can have many health benefits.
When small amounts of THC are added to CBD, minor cannabinoids, and terpenes, it results in much more powerful health benefits. That is why some of the CBD-based clinically approved drugs also contain THC.
THC vape pens may also have some distinct benefits not experienced with CBD vape pens. This is due to “the entourage effect.” The entourage effect is a bit different from synergy. Synergy is like two-plus-two equal to five, meaning that using some compounds together results in a more potent effect, yet safety is not compromised. However, the entourage effect means combining two compounds may result in some unique health benefits not seen when those compounds are used in isolation. So, the entourage effect is more powerful and unique than synergy.
Therefore, using THC vape pens means some unique health benefits, although these vape pens contain THC in small amounts.
THC Vape: The Dangers
It is no secret that THC is the main compound responsible for all side effects of the cannabis plant. This substance is addictive and, at higher dosages, causes euphoria, has potent mind-altering properties, and may cause hallucinations.
However, there is one important thing to understand. All these effects of THC are seen at much higher dosages than those in legally produced THC vape pens.
Legally produced/sold vape pens in the UK, like those by CBDoilking, do not contain THC more than 0.2%. This is significantly lower than cannabis indica or marijuana, which may contain 25% or even more THC. So, there is no comparison between legal THC vape pens and marijuana. At these small dosages, THC does not cause euphoria or other side effects and has no addictive properties. It only has mild stress-relief properties at these dosages.
Secondly, THC vape pens sold by CBDoilking follow other important UK guidelines and legal requirements, which means that THC vape pens cannot contain more than 1 mg of THC. Hence, it is not just about low concentration but also about low amounts, thus ensuring its safety.
Safe and Potent THC vape pens
THC vape pens are for health-conscious individuals who would like to vape on a regular basis. It is safe and may have beneficial effects like reduced anxiety, improved mood, and enhanced sleep, and it may also help reduce pain sensation.
THC vape pen is even better than your regular CBD vape pen for quitting smoking. This is because it is better at reducing tobacco cravings.
CBDoilking sells one of the strongest THC vape pens in the market (75-80% CBD plus CBG along with THC in permitted amounts), and yet all pens sold on the platform follow strict legal guidelines. All the products undergo third-party testing and are proven to contain THC, CBD, and other minor cannabinoids within legally permitted and safe limits.
Another good thing about CBDoilking is that these excellent THC vape pens come in many flavours. These flavours are not due to some artificial substances but rather due to their content of terpenes. Terpenes are plant-based aromatic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
CBDoilking offers vapes that are based on science, combining different natural compounds in the right ratio. This is both about safety and potency. So, these products are really good for those looking for something better, potent, and yet safe.
The Bottom Line
CBD vape pens have been around for some time, and their safety is well-established. They are an excellent way to quit smoking and also enjoy CBD’s health effects. However, some people are looking for something more potent. THC vape pens are good for such individuals. These contain all beneficial compounds present in the cannabis plant but in the right proportions.
THC vape pen is a new way to enjoy vaping. It is unlikely to cause any side effects as these products are made for regular use. Of course, one should not overdose on THC or CBD. It is important not to have more than a few puffs a day. Rare side effects like nausea or stomach issues might occur but are transient and short-lived. Such issues are rarely the cause of concern, except in a very small number of cases.
Thus, if you are looking for something better to reduce stress and overcome pain and anxiety, then a THC vape pen may be the right choice. Choosing something strong like the one offered by CBDoilking may be a good idea. Despite being strong, these vape pens contain THC only in legally permitted amounts and in concentrations proven to be safe and not cause euphoria.
To sum up, if you are already an experienced CBD vaper, it may be a good idea to give THC vaping a try.
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