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The role of enzymes in cannabis cultivation

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There’s a reason some practices survive in cannabis cultivation after everyone has quietly stopped believing in them. They work well enough, they’re popular, and most importantly, everyone else is doing it too. Acid-based line cleaners fit comfortably into that category. They sanitize, reset the system and provide the psychological relief of not knowing how to survive the process. “Whether it’s what you really want is another question,” says Key to Life’s Ian Smith. “Acids absolutely disinfect, but they also kill everything else. And we’ve found that they don’t kill pathogenic fungi like pythium or fusarium.” In other words, just because everyone uses acid-based cleaning products, it doesn’t mean it’s best practice. For Ian, enzymes are an alternative solution.

© The key to life

Purity vs. sterility
At the heart of the use of acid-based cleaning products is a contradiction. “How has the industry managed to equate cleanliness with sterility, even as it increasingly relies on biological inputs to drive efficiency, performance and consistency?” Ian asks. “That’s why we developed ENDzyme Pods at Key to Life.”

Key To Life did not enter the market as an enzyme brand. It started with compost tea brews, moved to single-strain bacillus products, and then expanded to broader microbial formulations, all built around the same principle. “Water-soluble inputs are delivered as cleanly and efficiently as physically possible,” he explains. “There are no core nutrients, no lifestyle brands, just supplements designed to make existing systems behave better.”

It is this vision that ultimately led to the development of ENDzyme Pods. “ENDzyme Pods isn’t just a product, it’s a corrective to how enzymes have traditionally been used and priced in cannabis. Many enzyme products on the market are expensive enough for growers to treat as an occasional supplement, although enzymes are most effective when used consistently.” Others, more problematically, are aggressive enough to undermine the biology that biological breeders are trying to preserve. “We saw enzyme products that would completely clean a system,” says Ian, “but they were also completely killing the biology, which basically defeats their purpose.”

Cleaning and improving plant health
By selecting bacterial strains that naturally produce enzymes and remain active in solution, ENDzyme Pods function as a cleaning agent and biological support tool. “Used continuously at low rates, approximately 1 ounce per 500 gallons, they break up biofilm, retain dissolved oxygen and keep irrigation lines clean without wiping the slate clean,” he explains. The cost implications alone are hard to ignore. “We did a side-by-side comparison with standard acid-based cleaners, considering dilution rates and frequency of use, and the biological approach came out 3 to 4 times more expensive over time. That’s before you factor in what acids don’t do, which is improve nutrient availability.”

© The key to life

This is where the conversation shifts from maintenance to performance. Acids disinfect, but they also stop the biological processes that help plants obtain nutrients. On the other hand, enzymes literally do the opposite. “They break down organic matter, convert nutrients into more plant-available forms and inoculate the root zone in the process. In a case study involving 4 crops, one facility reduced nutrient inputs by 30% while recording a 17.8% increase in total yield.”

That result makes sense if you accept the premise that many producers still struggle with, which is that more inputs don’t automatically translate into more outputs. “I often see facilities running EC levels of 3.0 or 3.5, then put biologics on top and wonder why the blockage occurs. At that point there is too much nutrition in the solution. The plant can’t absorb it all, biologics or not.” In other words, enzymes allow plants to access what is already there with less energy expenditure, and direct metabolic resources to growth rather than survival.

Competing pathogens
The effect of these enzymes is not limited to the root zone. One of the unexpected applications of ENDzyme Pods has been foliar application at higher concentrations, approximately 1 ounce per 2 gallons, where Ian says they have consistently eliminated powdery mildew and aspergillus, even in late bloom. “Applied weekly, growers have also prevented botrytis without acting as a fungicide in the regulatory sense.”

Instead of poisoning the pathogens, the bacteria outcompete them by sequestering the free iron that the fungi need to reproduce and channeling it to the plants. “The bacteria are then cannibalized after a short period of time, leaving no residue and requiring no post-harvest treatment,” Ian said.

Combined with micronutrients such as Green9, which provides amino acids along with elements such as calcium, boron, sulfur and zinc, the effects are compounded. “These are non-mobile nutrients, slow to reach the tissues where they are needed. Enzymatic activities help to deliver them more efficiently, strengthening the plant’s defenses and, as a result, increasing the production of secondary metabolites.”

© The key to life

At the same time, Ian is concerned that ENDzyme Pods are not a ‘get out of jail free card’ and therefore sanitation can be bypassed. “In fact, I recommend thorough resets upon rollover, including chlorine dioxide sanitation, filter changes, and proper dehumidifier cleaning, an area that many facilities neglect. Most disease pressure comes from environmental factors. Temperature drops, humidity spikes, dirty equipment. Biology helps, but works best when the system is already disciplined.”

Cannabis is grown in rooms designed to eliminate uncertainty, but the plant itself evolved in environments defined by microbial interactions. Trying to completely remove this reality has always been a temporary solution. “Nature has never been barren,” says Ian. “We can imitate that for a while, but biology always finds its way.”

For more information:
The Key of Life
(email protected)
keytolifesupply.com

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CEA Awards handed out at Indoor Ag-Con

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A new tradition in the CEA industry is the annual Gala Luncheon at Indoor Ag-Con, presenting the CEAs — Cultivating Excellence Awards. This year, Jiffy won the Product Innovation award for its gel, and Bright Farms won the Operational Excellence award. The Trainblazer Award was presented to Dr. Gene Fiacomelli, who has dedicated much of his professional and personal life to furthering the cause of growers.

© Eelkje Pulley | MMJDaily.com

© Eelkje Pulley | MMJDaily.com

“These teams are setting the pace for controlled environment agriculture while pushing the boundaries in innovation, operations and product development while proving what’s possible in our industry right now,” said organizers Indoor Ag-Con and Inside Grower Magazine.

The awards program is designed to recognize and celebrate excellence, innovation and leadership in the controlled environment agriculture (CEA) sector, highlighting achievements in three categories: Operational Excellence, Product Innovation and a special Trailblazer Award.

© Eelkje Pulley | MMJDaily.com

Voltiris and Zayndu were nominated for the Product Innovation Award, but Jiffy won for Jiffy Gel, a biodegradable gel-based substrate specifically designed for controlled environment agriculture (CEA).

© Eelkje Pulley | MMJDaily.com

The nominees for the Operational Excellence Award were haven greens and Planet Farms, and Bright Farms ended up winning. In their words: “BrightFarms measures its success through operational expansion and measurable business results.”

© Eelkje Pulley | MMJDaily.com

For the Trailblazer award, there were no nominees, but there was a winner. “In our industry there are those who explore the unexplored, ask the questions that no one else asks and push the boundaries of what is possible,” said the organizers. “The Trailblazer Award recognizes those who are not afraid to challenge the status quo and push research and CEA application into new areas.” And that’s Dr. Gene Fiacomelli. Since the beginning of the 80s, his research interests include the research, design, development and applications of controlled environment plant production systems (greenhouse and growth chamber): crop production systems, nutrient supply systems, environmental control, mechanization and labor productivity.

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Colorado Marijuana Revenue Is Declining As Other States Legalize, But It Still Outpaces Alcohol Taxes, Report Shows

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Marijuana sales tax revenue has steadily declined in Colorado over the past five years as more states have implemented legalization and intoxicating hemp products have grown in popularity, state officials say in a new report. However, cannabis brings in more tax dollars than alcohol or cigarettes.

In a memo to the nonpartisan Legislative Council of the Colorado legislature, staff “wanted to answer common questions about how marijuana industry revenues fit into Colorado’s state budget.” That includes $231.1 million in cannabis collected by the state in fiscal year 2024-25.

Adult marijuana is taxed at three levels in Colorado: a 15 percent excise tax, a 15 percent sales excise tax, and a 2.9 percent general state sales tax. As one of the first states to legalize recreational marijuana, Colorado’s revenue from such sales “grew steadily over the first eight years of legalization, reaching $424.4 million in FY 2020-21.”

After that, however, “revenues fell for the first time in 2021-22, and have declined every year,” the Legislative Council said. “Marijuana tax revenue fell to $231.1 million in FY 2024-25, 45.5 percent below the peak in FY 2020-21.”

It is remarkable notice He says the decline in marijuana tax revenue in recent years “has been largely due to low prices and a drop in demand as other states across the country legalize marijuana, and alternatives like intoxicating hemp become more available.”

Gov. Jared Polis (D), a longtime champion of cannabis reform, noted the potential economic impact of expanding legalization, He hoped states like Texas would continue to stave off the problem by scoffing so Colorado could continue to collect marijuana tourism dollars.

Texas may remain a prohibitionist state, but cannabis is now legal for adults in almost half of US states, a broader shift. has obviously contributed to the decrease in income.

But the new report also says the rise of intoxicating hemp products is diverting tax dollars. Whether the federal ban on such products changes when it takes effect in November remains to be seen.

Even as statewide legalization expanded and consumer demand increased in the hemp market, however, the Legislative Council released data comparing marijuana to other vices, including alcohol and cigarettes.

In fiscal year 2024-25, marijuana sales generated more tax revenue than alcohol ($54.3 million), tobacco products ($68.2 million), nicotine products ($91.6 million) and cigarettes ($213.9 million).

through LCS.

Until then, surveys have consistently found this More and more Americans are choosing marijuana and cannabis-infused drinks over alcohol and cigarettes.

Meanwhile, only in 2025, Colorado saw more than $1 billion in marijuana sales, a milestone the governor announced in December. And while the Legislative Council attributed part of the decline in cannabis sales to the sale of intoxicating hemp products, Polis also said recently. The pending federal ban will “stifle growth and innovation” in the market.


It’s Marijuana Time tracking hundreds of cannabis, psychedelic and drug policy bills in state legislatures and Congress this year. Patreon supporters By pledging at least $25 per month, you’ll get access to our interactive maps, charts and audio calendars so you never miss a development.


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Meanwhile, the governor said that last week his state did not have to join a lawsuit supporting a federal ban on the possession of guns by people who use marijuana that’s now before the US Supreme Court, and he personally opposes the state attorney general’s “legal position on it.”

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Large Dutch greenhouse grower turns energy volatility into opportunity

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Volatility in energy prices continues to affect greenhouse gas producers across Europe, as the growing share of renewable energy and developments in electricity markets lead to stronger and more frequent price increases. For a large Dutch greenhouse grower, this challenge became the starting point for a more flexible and efficient approach to lighting management.

Like many high-intensity greenhouse operations in the Netherlands, the business faced rising electricity costs and major surprises while requiring precise light control to maintain consistent crop quality throughout the year.

To meet these challenges, the manufacturer implemented the Netvion intelligent control system. The solution enables real-time control of light intensity and spectrum without the need to rewire or make major changes to the existing greenhouse infrastructure.

© Netvion

Responding to extreme electricity prices
Electricity prices in the Netherlands have shown considerable volatility in recent years, ranging from negative prices during periods of renewable overproduction to sharp peaks in demand. “Traditional wired lighting systems offer limited flexibility to respond to rapid price changes,” says Sharan Avati with Netvion. “This often results in inefficient energy use and higher operational costs.”

With Netvion’s system, the grower can dynamically adjust lighting levels based on real-time electricity prices. During high price periods, light intensity is reduced to the minimum level required for crop development. When prices are low or negative, lighting levels can be increased to support plant growth, taking advantage of favorable market conditions.

© Netvion

Improve crop yield through clear precision
High-value greenhouse crops require precise control of light intensity at different growth stages. Using Netvion’s multi-channel lighting control, the manufacturer fine-tuned light levels from 30 µmol/m²/s at high prices to 200 µmol/m²/s when energy costs were low.

This level of precision optimized energy consumption while maintaining consistent crop quality. Instead of increasing stem length, the cultivar saw a measurable increase in crop weight, reporting 3-7% heavier crops, depending on crop type and growing conditions.

According to the grower, this improvement was driven by better alignment of light levels to plant needs during favorable energy price windows, without overstressing the crop during high-cost periods.

© Netvion

Fast financial impact through the fast energy manager
The financial impact of the wireless lighting system was very dynamic. With a capacity of 3 MW to connect to the grid (“knip”), the producer uses Netvion to respond quickly to fluctuations in electricity prices.

© Netvion In practice, correcting lighting levels allows growers to recover approximately 20-30% of their total daily energy costs in 15 minutes under extreme market conditions.
Depending on electricity prices, it can be worth up to 1,500 euros received in a single 15-minute window, shares Sharan. “This emphasizes the importance of real-time control speed rather than fixed hourly savings.”

“Combined with the reduced installation and maintenance costs enabled by the wireless infrastructure, the system provided a strong business case and approximately a two-year return on investment, while also reducing cabling, labor requirements and overall system complexity.”

© Netvion

Easy integration into existing greenhouses
Although Netvion is designed to integrate with existing climate control platforms, this manufacturer followed a different approach. Instead of using a standard third-party climate computer, the company developed custom in-house software to handle the control logic and system connections.

Netvion’s open and flexible architecture enabled integration with this custom-built platform, allowing the producer to implement their own advanced control strategies, taking advantage of wireless high-resolution lighting.

Sharan: “For other greenhouse operations using commercial climate control systems, integration can be easier. This case demonstrates that Netvion supports both standard integration and highly customized control environments based on the grower’s operational configuration.”

© Netvion

For more information:
Netvion
+31 613921828
(email protected)
www.netvion.io

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