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Where Can You Get F1, F2, and F3 Cannabis Seeds? Wait, What are F1, F2, and F3 Marijuana Seeds?

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Breeding new cannabis strains is a complex endeavor, requiring years of hard work and an in-depth understanding of the plant. It’s a thrilling but intimidating domain for many aspiring cultivators. If you’re intrigued by the art of breeding cannabis, chances are you’ve come across terms like F1, F2, F3 strains, etc.

 

But what does it mean when starting a breeding program with F1 or F2 seeds? What exactly is an F1 strain? These terms can be perplexing initially, but worry not, as this article will demystify the terminologies and guide you toward confidently developing your own sturdy seeds.

 

The Fundamentals of Genetics

Genetic terms are often mentioned in conversations about cannabis, but what do they signify? When it comes to purchasing cannabis seeds and nurturing them, a basic understanding of the cultivar you’ve selected is all you need. However, if you wish to explore the realm of cannabis breeding, a deeper understanding of the subject is crucial to success. Sure, you can crossbreed some females and hope for the best, but without a solid foundation of knowledge, you risk missing out on the potential rewards that come with it.

 

Understanding F1, F2, F3 Seeds.

So, what exactly does the letter “F” stand for? It stands for “filial,” a term of Latin origin meaning “the offspring of two parents.” The first generation of parents is referred to as the P1 generation, while their descendants are referred to as the F1 generation.

 

When you crossbreed two individuals from the F1 generation, you create an F2 generation. Crossbreeding two F2 individuals results in an F3 generation, and so on for F4, F5, and so forth. Breeders use these labels to keep track of the number of ages a crossbreed has undergone to solidify its characteristics. But what do these labels signify when you’re growing your cannabis plants?

 

Think of it like breeding puppies. You read that right. Cannabis breeding is not so different from breeding our furry friends. The mother and father dogs are the P1 generation, and their litter of puppies is the F1 generation. Like puppies, the offspring may take after one parent more or display a combination of both parents’ traits.

 

This is generally true for cannabis as well. To better grasp what F1 and F2 generation seeds are, let’s delve into the traditional breeding methods used in the Netherlands.

 

Cannabis Breeding

In the 1970s, as the first Dutch cannabis seed banks began to focus on breeding, they started with the purest of strains – landrace strains. These strains included Cannabis indica from the Middle Eastern mountains and various Cannabis sativa types from Asia, Africa, and South and Central America. When used in breeding projects, these landrace strains represented the original P1 generation – the product of generations of inbreeding within genetically isolated populations.

If you were lucky enough to have a batch of these landrace seeds, they would grow with similar characteristics to the plants from which they were harvested. These plants had evolved for thousands of years and adapted to their respective regions’ climates, leading to dominant genes for traits that helped them survive. The Dutch utilized these true F1 hybrids by crossing Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica to create strains such as Skunk #1.

 

F1 Seeds

These F1 hybrids inherited the most prominent genes from their P1 parents due to a genetic phenomenon known as heterosis or hybrid vigor. This results in a stronger, more resilient plant with increased potency and yield compared to its parents.

 

This first F1 generation is quite consistent in terms of its traits, meaning if you grew seeds of Skunk #1, you could expect all the plants to have highly potent buds that smelled like a skunk. This batch of seeds would be relatively uniform and genetically stable.

 

F2 Seeds

By crossing a male and female Skunk #1 (an F1 hybrid), you generated an F2 generation. However, when you grow these seeds, you’ll notice that the plants look vastly different. Some are towering, while others are short and sturdy. They even smell differently – some with that classic skunky odor, while others have a sweeter, fruitier scent. So, what’s the deal? Why are these F2 generation plants so vastly diverse?

 

In these F2 seeds, the genetic diversity explodes as all the traits passed down from the P1 generation are recombined in unique ways. What once was a relatively uniform batch of seeds has now become a diverse mix of plants with varying heights, smells, and ripening times. Some resemble their sativa parent with their tall stature and longer ripening, while others showcase their indica heritage with their short, stocky build and fast flowering. The F2 seeds genuinely showcase the beauty and diversity of genetics.

In the world of cannabis breeding, the F2 generation is where things get exciting and unpredictable. This is when the genes from the parent plants (P1s) are shuffled and recombined to create new and unique phenotypes. However, if you want to grow a uniform crop of buds, this generation may not be the best choice. The inconsistent traits resulting from recombination can lead to a varied yield and appearance. But for those looking to breed their cannabis, the F2 generation is where the possibilities are endless, and recombination magic can lead to creating new and exciting cultivars.

 

 

F3 Seeds and Beyond

In our tropical cannabis oasis, let’s take the next step in breeding by selecting the most THC-rich male and female to create F3 seeds. As the generations continue, traits stabilize, leading to a more uniform crop. With each subsequent generation, like F4 and F5, the seed’s stability continues to increase. Selecting the most potent plants from the F3 generation can create a seed that consistently produces high-potency buds. Creating a stable strain may take several generations, but the result is worth it.

 

 

Conclusion

For those eager to dive into cannabis breeding, the terminology can seem overwhelming. But don’t let that stop you! There’s an easy solution if you need the luxury of access to landrace genetics. Purchase seeds from reputable breeders with a proven track record of producing high-quality strains. By utilizing their expertise, you can step in the right direction toward creating exceptional cannabis cultivars.

 

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FDA Approves Landmark Clinical Trial for Veterans with PTSD and Smoking Cannabis

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veterans with PTSD and marijuana

For decades, veterans and civilians alike have turned to cannabis to manage their PTSD symptoms, often finding relief where traditional pharmaceuticals fell short. Walk into any VA hospital, and you’ll likely find patients being prescribed a cocktail of medications – SSRIs like sertraline and paroxetine, anti-anxiety drugs like alprazolam, sleep aids like zolpidem, and sometimes even antipsychotics. Yet many vets report these medications leave them feeling like zombies, trading one set of problems for another.

As someone who’s been following cannabis policy for years, I’ve watched countless researchers bang their heads against the wall trying to study this plant’s potential for PTSD treatment. The roadblocks have been numerous and, frankly, ridiculous. Despite overwhelming anecdotal evidence and desperate pleas from the veteran community, getting approval for clinical trials involving smokable cannabis has been about as easy as teaching a cat to swim – theoretically possible, but practically impossible.

That’s why the FDA’s recent approval of a landmark clinical trial has caught my attention. After three years of back-and-forth negotiations, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) finally got the green light to conduct a Phase 2 study examining smoked cannabis for PTSD in veterans. This isn’t just another sterile laboratory experiment – it’s designed to reflect real-world usage patterns, something we’ve desperately needed in cannabis research.

In this article, we’ll dive deep into what this study means for veterans, the cannabis community, and the future of federal legalization. We’ll explore why this research is groundbreaking, how it might reshape our understanding of cannabis as medicine, and what it could mean for the millions of Americans living with PTSD.

Let’s dive into what makes this study so groundbreaking. MAPS isn’t just dipping their toes in the water – they’re diving in headfirst with a comprehensive Phase 2 clinical trial involving 320 veterans suffering from moderate to severe PTSD. What makes this study particularly fascinating is its focus on “real-world” cannabis use, allowing participants to self-titrate their dosage of high-THC flower within certain limits.

Now, for those who aren’t familiar with the FDA’s clinical trial phases, let me break it down. Phase 1 typically focuses on safety and involves a small group of people. Phase 2 – where this study sits – is where things get interesting. It’s designed to test both effectiveness and side effects, involving a larger group of participants. If successful, Phase 3 would follow with an even larger group, and finally, Phase 4 would monitor long-term safety after FDA approval.

The fact that this study reached Phase 2 is a big deal, folks. It means we’ve cleared the initial safety hurdles and are moving into territory that could actually influence medical policy. But what really sets this research apart is its focus on smokable flower. This wasn’t an easy win – MAPS had to fight through five partial clinical hold letters from the FDA just to get here.

Why does the smoking aspect matter so much? Well, think about it – most FDA-approved medications come in neat little pills or carefully measured doses. Smoking cannabis? That’s been a major sticking point for regulatory agencies. By including smoking as a delivery method, this study acknowledges how most veterans actually use cannabis in the real world. No fancy pharmaceutical extracts or synthetic compounds – just the plant in its most basic, smokable form.

The implications here are huge. If this study demonstrates positive results, it could fundamentally change how we approach cannabis as medicine. It might force regulatory bodies to reconsider their stance on smokable cannabis, potentially opening doors for more research and eventual federal approval of whole-plant medicine. This could be particularly significant for veterans, who often prefer smoking or vaping cannabis for its rapid onset and ease of dose control.

But perhaps most importantly, this study could provide the hard scientific evidence we’ve been missing. While thousands of veterans have testified about cannabis helping their PTSD, the lack of controlled clinical trials has been a major roadblock in changing federal policy. A successful outcome here could be the wedge we need to finally crack open the door to federal legalization.

Of course, we shouldn’t count our chickens before they hatch. Clinical trials are complex beasts, and there’s still a long road ahead. But for the first time in a long while, I’m feeling optimistic about the direction we’re heading. This study could be the game-changer we’ve been waiting for in the fight for cannabis legitimacy.

Let’s talk about PTSD – a condition that affects roughly 12 million American adults annually. That’s more people than the entire population of New York City, folks. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder isn’t just about being scared or anxious; it’s a complex psychological condition where traumatic experiences get stuck in an endless replay loop, like a scratched record that keeps skipping back to the same devastating track.

But here’s where cannabis enters the picture, and it’s fascinating how it works. Our endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in how we process and store memories, particularly emotional ones. When someone consumes cannabis, it can help disrupt those stubborn neural pathways that keep trauma loops running. Think of it like hitting the pause button on a horror movie that’s been playing on repeat in someone’s head.

However – and this is crucial – cannabis isn’t a magic eraser for trauma. I’ve spoken with countless veterans who use cannabis, and they’re the first to tell you: the plant helps manage symptoms, but it doesn’t “cure” PTSD. Real healing requires doing the hard work of processing and integrating traumatic experiences. Cannabis is more like a helpful companion on that journey rather than the destination itself.

What makes cannabis particularly interesting in PTSD treatment is its ability to increase neuroplasticity – the brain’s ability to form new neural connections and reorganize existing ones. This is where the real magic happens. When someone’s brain becomes more “plastic,” they’re better equipped to process traumatic memories and potentially create new, healthier neural pathways.

Speaking of neuroplasticity, we can’t ignore the elephant in the room – psilocybin. Recent studies have shown remarkable promise in treating PTSD with psilocybin-assisted therapy, often producing profound and lasting changes in just a few sessions. The fact that both cannabis and psilocybin increase neuroplasticity while offering different therapeutic approaches suggests we might be onto something big in trauma treatment.

What drives me crazy is how long it’s taken to get here. We’ve known about cannabis’s potential benefits for PTSD for decades. Veterans have been telling us. Trauma survivors have been telling us. Heck, even some forward-thinking psychiatrists have been telling us. Yet we’re only now getting around to serious clinical research? It’s a testament to how prohibition hasn’t just restricted access to cannabis – it’s actively delayed our understanding of this plant’s therapeutic potential.

But hey, better late than never, right? As we move forward with studies like the MAPS trial, we’re finally starting to piece together the scientific puzzle that veterans and other PTSD survivors have known about all along. Cannabis isn’t just helping them sleep better or feel calmer – it’s potentially giving them the neurological flexibility they need to process and integrate their trauma in a healthy way.

Like most things in the cannabis reform movement, progress moves at a snail’s pace. But as frustrating as it might be, we’re undeniably moving forward. The FDA’s approval of this MAPS study, focusing on smokable cannabis no less, marks a significant shift in how our regulatory bodies view cannabis research.

The beauty of this study lies in its real-world approach. No artificial laboratory settings or synthetic cannabinoids – just veterans using cannabis the way they already do. This authenticity could provide invaluable data about how cannabis actually functions as a medicine in everyday life, not just in theory.

Let’s be real though – regardless of what this study finds, veterans and others suffering from PTSD who’ve found relief with cannabis aren’t going to stop using it. The plant has been their lifeline when traditional pharmaceuticals failed them. But positive findings could open doors for countless others who might benefit from cannabis but have been hesitant due to its federal status or lack of clinical validation.

This is particularly crucial for our veteran community. With veteran suicide rates remaining tragically high – averaging around 17 deaths per day – we desperately need more treatment options. It’s no coincidence that veteran groups have been among the loudest voices calling for cannabis research and reform. They’ve seen firsthand how this plant can offer hope where traditional treatments have fallen short.

As we await the results of this groundbreaking study, I remain cautiously optimistic. Sure, progress is slower than we’d like, but each step forward brings us closer to a future where veterans and others with PTSD can access the medicine they need without stigma or legal barriers. And for the countless individuals struggling with PTSD, that future can’t come soon enough.

Source:

www.marijuanamoment.net/fda-approves-long-awaited-clinical-trial-of-smoked-marijuana-to-treat-ptsd-in-veterans/

 

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Oregon Cannabis: Get Your OLCC Renewal or New Application in Before December 5th

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As of this Thursday, December 5th, Ballot Measure 119 requires all OLCC licensed retailers, processors and labs to provide a signed labor peace agreement (LPA) with a bona fide labor organization, to renew or apply for an OLCC license.

In the totally avoidable, unduly compressed timeline since BM 119 passed, we have been advising our Oregon cannabis clients to renew their license applications ahead of the December 5th deadline if possible. Same deal for new applicants– get everything in before the deadline. This will allow qualifying businesses to avoid the LPA issue for another year (or maybe forever, if the courts get ahold of BM 119).

OLCC marijuana licensees are required to renew their licenses annually. Licensees are notified 90 days prior to their license expiration date that it’s time for license renewal. According to my wizard paralegal, this notice automatically posts in CAMP, which is the OLCC’s online licensing software. Specifically, a licensee will receive an “Actions Required” notification on their dashboard.

OLCC has confirmed that licenses set to expire after December 5th, will not require an LPA submission until the following year’s renewal, provided that the license has been renewed prior to the December 5th deadline. Same deal with any new license applicant. To that point, OLCC’s most recent BM 119 Bulletin is here. It answers some basic questions and contains no surprises.

OLCC also recently published its Labor Peace Agreement Attestation Form. This is a form that applicants may submit in lieu of actually filing their LPA with the Commission. Somebody asked me what the repercussions might be if they were to submit this form without having a signed LPA in place. The short answer is “don’t do that.” The longer answer is that there are many administrative rules dealing with “false statements”, “material false statements” and the submission of “false or misleading information” to OLCC. License revocation or non-renewal is a real possibility there.

For more information on this topic, the Cannabis Industry Alliance of Oregon has a guide here, and has been sending out helpful emails on its listserv (you can sign up for those here). The relevant OLCC materials are linked above, and I’ll provide links to our previous posts on this topic just below. For now, get those license renewals and applications in!

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Attention, Canna Companies! CTA Filing Deadline this Month

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For anyone that has not yet met their Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) filing requirements, now is the time! The deadline for entities created or registered before January 1, 2024, is less than a month away, on December 31, 2024.

In July, we published a blog post covering questions on the CTA. The full text of that post is included below.

____________________________

On January 1, 2024, the federal Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) took effect. The CTA requires a host of both domestic and foreign entities to disclose their beneficial ownership to the Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). Compliance with the CTA is required for all businesses, including those in the cannabis industry. In this post, I’ll overview some (but not all) key requirements of the CTA, and some of the implications for the cannabis industry.

What is the CTA?

The purpose of the CTA is to combat illegal activities like money laundering by disclosure of information concerning “beneficial owners” to FinCEN. Beneficial ownership essentially means the individuals who own or control a company (more on that below). FinCEN and other domestic governmental authorities can use this beneficial ownership information in certain contexts for law enforcement purposes. Detailed FAQs on the CTA are available here.

Who must report?

Corporations, limited liability companies, and other business entities are considered reporting companies for purposes of the CTA. Certain sole proprietors may not count as reporting companies, and CTA exempts 23 classes of entities, such as governmental bodies, banks, and certain large operating companies.

Figuring out whether a business qualifies for an exemption can in some cases be complicated, and businesses can flow in and out of exemptions over time. So it’s a good idea for businesses to confer with counsel to determine whether they are compliant.

When must reporting happen?

Reporting is done by submitting an initial beneficial ownership report (BOIR) with FinCEN via an electronic portal called the Beneficial Ownership Secure System, located at FinCEN.gov, free of charge. There are some key reporting deadlines, which change based on when a company was formed (for domestic companies) or registered in the US (for foreign companies) as follows:

  • Entities created or registered before January 1, 2024, must submit their initial BOIR by January 1, 2025.
  • Entities registered in 2024 are required to file within 90 calendar days of their registration becoming effective.
  • For registrations from January 1, 2025, onwards, the deadline is 30 calendar days post-registration notice.

CTA also has requirements to periodically update beneficial ownership information after changes occur. Failure to comply with CTA can lead to monetary penalties and even criminal liability.

What must be reported?

Reporting companies must disclose individuals with substantial control or those owning at least 25% of the entity. Substantial control includes abilities like appointing or removing directors, making significant business decisions, or other forms of major influence. For example, question D8 on FinCEN’s FAQs addresses how management companies could be considered beneficial owners of a reporting company. Sound familiar?

Disclosure itself is not dissimilar to state-level cannabis regulatory disclosures. Beneficial owners must provide their legal name, date of birth, address, and an identifying number (e.g., SSN).

How will this affect the cannabis industry?

In case you were wondering, CTA applies to cannabis businesses. There is no exemption for reporting by state-legal cannabis companies.

A lot of cannabis companies will probably get squeamish at the thought of making detailed beneficial ownership disclosures. That’s especially the case where CTA by its terms allows FinCEN to share beneficial ownership information with other federal agencies engaged in law enforcement activities, or federal agencies that supervise financial institutions.

So, expect to see owners of cannabis businesses engage in all kinds of corporate changes to obscure beneficial ownership or reduce equity and control rights to get out of disclosures. In some cases, this will not work and people will face penalties.

Also expect to see a lot of cannabis companies (and non-cannabis companies for that matter) make a good-faith effort to comply with CTA initially but fail to update information as required by law. This is just going to happen, the way CTA is set up. Whether or not people are actually penalized for late disclosures or updates absent some kind of misfeasance remains to be seen.

Conclusion

CTA is complicated and has already been a headache for many businesses – so much so that at least one group of businesses brought a challenge to its constitutionality and won. Fortunately or unfortunately (depending on how you look at it) the court did not issue a nationwide injunction but only enjoined enforcement of CTA against the specific plaintiffs. It’s possible that in different litigation or future appeals, the law itself is enjoined on a nationwide level. But for the time being, it’s the law of the land.



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