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From Beer to Psychedelics: Making Psilocybin From Yeast

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Summary: Researchers are exploring the potential of yeast fermentation as a sustainable method for large-scale psilocybin production, a compound found in “magic mushrooms” that has shown promise in treating various mental health conditions.

Yeast Fermentation: A New Frontier in Psilocybin Production

The global mental health crisis has intensified the search for effective treatments, and psilocybin, a hallucinogenic compound in “magic mushrooms,” is emerging as a promising candidate. With the potential FDA approval of psychedelic medical treatments on the horizon, there’s a growing need for sustainable and large-scale production methods for psilocybin.

In a significant development from the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the Technical University of Denmark in 2020, scientists successfully produced psilocybin using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast commonly used in beer fermentation. This innovative method involves genetically engineering the yeast with genes from the Psilocybe cubensis mushroom. When fermented with sugar, tryptophan, and other nutrients, the yeast produces psilocybin.

A new way to treat depression

This approach is not only more environmentally friendly but also sidesteps the expensive and harmful by-products associated with the current synthetic production of psilocybin. However, this breakthrough also brings challenges. There are rising concerns about the potential misuse of this method for illicit homebrewed psilocybin, especially after researchers demonstrated psilocybin production using genetically modified E. coli bacteria in a homebrew setting in 2021.

This development underscores the importance of robust regulations to ensure that psilocybin production remains dedicated to medical research and treatment.

Source: HealthNews

And we would like to know what regulatory measures are essential to prevent the illicit homebrewing of psilocybin or, even better, shouldn’t we stop fighting the use of recreational drugs and start regulating them… Afterall, while using drugs carry risks, at the same time, they provide many benefits so a smart regulator sould rather control it, that create a black market by trying to stop it.


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AI Disclaimer: This news update was created using a AI tools. PsychePen is an AI author who is constantly improving. We appreciate your kindness and understanding as PsychePen continues to learn and develop. Please note that the provided information is derived from various sources and should not be considered as legal, financial, or medical advice.



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Psilocybin Mushrooms Date Back 65 Million Years to Dinosaur Era

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Researchers are intrigued by the potential benefits psilocybin offers mushrooms, with theories ranging from a defense mechanism against predators to a deterrent for terrestrial slugs following the post-dinosaur extinction ice age.

A groundbreaking study by the University of Utah and the Natural History Museum of Utah reveals that psilocybin mushrooms, known for their psychoactive properties, have existed for approximately 65 million years, dating back to the era of dinosaur extinction. This research, the largest genomic diversity study for the Psilocybe genus, uncovers the ancient evolutionary history of these mushrooms and their potential implications for modern psilocybin medicine.

The resurgence of interest in psilocybin, the psychoactive compound found in magic mushrooms, for mental health treatment has led researchers to delve into the evolutionary history of these fungi. A recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that psilocybin mushrooms have been around for about 65 million years, coinciding with the extinction of dinosaurs. This discovery stems from the largest genomic diversity study on the Psilocybe genus, involving 52 specimens, including 39 species that had not been previously sequenced.

The study identified two distinct gene orders responsible for psilocybin production, indicating two independent evolutionary paths for the compound’s development. This finding not only highlights the ancient origins of psilocybin mushrooms but also suggests a wealth of genetic diversity that could benefit the future development of psilocybin-based therapeutics.

Researchers are intrigued by the potential benefits psilocybin offers mushrooms, with theories ranging from a defense mechanism against predators to a deterrent for terrestrial slugs following the post-dinosaur extinction ice age. The study’s findings pave the way for further research into the evolutionary role of psilocybin and its applications in modern medicine.

Why It Matters: Understanding the ancient origins and evolutionary history of psilocybin mushrooms provides valuable insights into their potential therapeutic benefits. This research could revolutionize the development of psilocybin-based treatments, offering new avenues for addressing mental health issues.

Potential Implications: The study’s revelations about the genetic diversity of psilocybin-producing mushrooms could significantly impact the future of psychedelic medicine. By exploring different gene sequences for psilocybin production, scientists may develop more effective and tailored treatments for various mental health conditions.

Source: High Times



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What is the “Blue Honey” Method of Storing Magic Mushrooms?

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Everyone is talking about magic mushrooms lately. From industry insiders who are looking to capitalize, to street dealers who are doing the same, and a huge range of consumers who want to benefit from their use including experienced psychonauts who just enjoy the ride, average people who want to know what the fuss is about, government employees trying to manage their PTSD, individuals young and old suffering from mental health disorders, and everyone in between.  

That being said, the general public still knows very little about shrooms. Things like dosing, purchasing options, and storage methods remain a mystery for those who are just beginning to dip their toes in the psychedelic waters. Today, we’ll be taking a look at one of the more obscure, yet also rewarding, methods of storing psilocybin mushrooms: the blue honey method.  

What are magic mushrooms? 

Magic mushrooms belong to a group of fungi containing the hallucinogenic compound psilocybin (and/or trace amounts of psilocin). For the sake of simplicity, and because amanitas are not subject to bluing, we’ll be leaving them out of today’s discussion. Psilocybin mushrooms are similar to other hallucinogens like LSD and DMT, in that they all attach to serotonin receptors to create a psychoactive response. Some examples of popular magic mushrooms include: Panaeolus, Conocybe, and Psilocybe – the most well-known.  

Chemical formula of psilocybin, mushrooms in background

While different hallucinogens are known for causing different reactions, or trips, there are some underlying similarities with all of them such as: visual, sensory, and auditory hallucinations, feelings of spirituality, euphoria, connectedness, introspection, and overall well-being, and experiencing mystical and otherworldly encounters.  

Although all magic mushrooms contain psilocybin, their potency varies and is based on the level of active compounds in each strain. What’s great about mushrooms in comparison to other hallucinogens, is that you can really customize your dose from a microdose of 0.1 to 0.3 grams, all the way to what’s known as a heroic dose which is typically 5 grams or more in one sitting. 

Like all other psychedelics, the active compounds in mushrooms are listed as Schedule 1 narcotics in the DEA’s list of controlled substances. Although both psilocybin and psilocin are listed, it’s worth noting that psilocybin is the real active compound in these mushrooms. To feel the effects of the psilocybin, our bodies convert it to psilocin, which also exists in trace amounts in shrooms.  

There are some loopholes when it comes to the legality of mushroom related products, such as the spores used to grow them. Those are federally legal because only the fruiting bodies contain psilocybin, the spores do not. Interestingly, mushrooms are also not scheduled in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, nor on the Convention of Psychotropic Substances.  

Storing shrooms 

Storing magic mushrooms is vital if you plan on keeping them for an extended period of time. They are very sensitive to the environment and susceptible to damage, which diminishes their alkaloid content and degrades the psilocybin in them. This makes them prone to early decomposition. Keeping your shrooms in the right conditions is pretty simple; and it’s an absolute must for psychonauts, cultivators, and retailers alike. 

Magic mushrooms aren’t a substance that most people use on a regular basis. So, if you buy a larger amount (an ounce or more, let’s say), you’re likely to have some leftovers after your trippy experience. Or if you’re growing mushrooms yourself, you know you’ll end up with a larger amount than one person can use in a single sitting. Either way, an oversupply of psilocybin mushrooms means they will need to be stored a certain way to ensure their longevity and potency. But how to store mushrooms and how long they last depends on a few different factors.  

Dried psilocybin mushrooms in jars

For example, freshly harvested mushrooms can be kept on a paper towel or in a paper bag in the refrigerator; but they will only last a couple of days. So if you don’t plan on using them immediately, your next step would be to dry them, either on a drying rack or in a dehydrator, until they are completely dry. Seriously, 100 percent dry as any moisture can cause the psilocybin in the shrooms to break down and degrade. 

If you’re starting off with dried shrooms already, proper storage can keep them usable for about 1 year. Most people opt for airtight jars or vacuum sealed packages, both of which are practical and affordable solutions. A more unique method, and one that is equally cost-friendly but requires a bit more patience, is the “blue honey” method, described in detail below.  

The blue honey method  

One interesting storage option that I’m going to try with my next flush is the “blue honey method”. The name blue honey comes from the blue hue magic mushrooms get when they are cut, however, the honey itself is not typically blue. To make blue honey, you take your dried mushrooms or truffles and grind them up as finely as possible. Then mix them into some high-quality, raw, unfiltered (and preferably local) honey. Again, it’s extremely important that your shrooms be completely dry before grinding because any moisture can cause the honey to ferment.  

Store the honey in an airtight container in a cool, dark place for at least one month, but preferably longer. Most psychonauts who opt for this method let it sit for about 3 or 4 months so the psilocybin can really infuse into the honey. 

You can use the honey in tea, on deserts, or simply eat a few spoonfuls for a tasty, psychedelic treat. What’s possibly best about this method, is that it preserves the psilocybin indefinitely, as raw honey doesn’t degrade over time. If the honey ever starts clumping and crystalizing, just run the jar under some warm water and it goes right back to normal. 

Benefits of honey 

Honey is food for bees, made by bees – but us humans and many other creatures enjoy it as well. Not only is it delicious, but it’s rich in a variety of nutrients and antioxidants that can be beneficial to our health. It also has antimicrobial properties, antifungal properties, it can protect the body from inflammation, and can help prevent several ailments including heart disease, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.  

Worker bees on a honeycomb

For example, one study found that buckwheat honey was full of antioxidants that were detectable in blood plasma, meaning that those specific antioxidants definitively enhanced antioxidant activity in the body. Additionally, honey is high in polyphenols and flavonoids, which also act as antioxidants in the body. These compounds can help protect the body from different types of cell damage.  

Another study on honey that looked at over 4,500 participants over the age of 40, found that it can help prevent heart disease by “lowering blood pressure, improving blood fat levels, regulating your heartbeat, and preventing the death of healthy cells”. The same team also conducted a rodent study that found honey could help shield the heart from oxidative stress.  

Raw, unfiltered honey also contains propolis, a bee-produced resin that comes from trees with sap and similar plants. A study on propolis found that it can help improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels. According to their data, “levels of total cholesterol, LDL (or bad) cholesterol, and triglycerides went down in people who had 70 grams of honey (about 2.5 ounces) each day for 4 weeks. Their HDL (or good) cholesterol also increased”.  

Final thoughts  

Obviously, there are only certain circumstances in which the blue honey method would be feasible. If you only have a limited number of mushrooms and plan to use them over the course of the next few months, then you might as well just stick to vacuum sealing or mason jars. But if you have an abundance, or if you think your shrooms would just sit around for a while, then chopping them up and throwing them into a jar of honey to “ferment” so to speak, is a pretty solid ideal. I know I’ll be trying it out with part of my next flush, so check back for updates!

Welcome cannabis aficionados! Thanks for making your way to Cannadelics.com, an independent news site going deep into the worlds of cannabis, psychedelics, and well beyond. We’re big on updates, so come by regularly. And get yourself signed up to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, for the best in related product offerings, as well.



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Common Drug Myths Debunked – Cannadelics

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Drug myths have been around since people started using drugs. And I’m not talking about the kind of myths you hear during red ribbon week at school, but rather, the common fallacies that people who actually use drugs spread amongst themselves. Have you ever heard that LSD is forever stored in your spinal cord? Or that using it too many times can have you declared legally insane? How about the one where smoking too much pot will make you grow man boobs? Growing up, I’ve heard all of these and more, so let’s debunk some of the most common misconceptions about drug use.  

Urban legends  

An urban legend is a type of story or folklore the consists of various claims that are circulated as true. Often, it’s tales of something that has happened to a distant relative, or a “friend of a friend”, or some other random acquaintance, and they often contain a combination of scary, humorous, embarrassing, or cautionary elements.   

Over the years, many misconceptions and urban legends about drugs have made the rounds, some of them dating back all the way to the 1960s that are still alive and well among today’s youth. And from what I’ve found on reddit, and when asking friends of mine, they’re pretty much universal in every state, even people in other countries have heard the same ones. These stories are generally related to long term side effects and adulterants.  

Although they can be fun, and sometimes downright laughable, the real-life problem with these tall tales is that despite how ridiculous they might sound, they are often repeated by organizations and politicians who oppose sensible drug reform, and the general public believes them! And most of them are about psychedelics and cannabis. This causes the true effects of these substances to be wildly misunderstood.  

LSD remains in your spinal cord forever  

I’ve been using psychedelics since I was thirteen years old, and acid is definitely one of the drugs that has a lot of lore surrounding it. Something I heard quite often in my younger years was that if you take LSD, it will remain in your spinal cord forever, and if you crack your back too hard to have suffer from a back injury, it will send you into a sudden and terrifying trip. This is 100 percent false. When used, LSD travels through the bloodstream and is rapidly metabolized into inactive compounds. And, like most drugs, it’s water soluble so it gets out of your system rather quickly, usually in about 1-4 days.  

Smoking weed can lead to the development of “man boobs”  

This one has always made me giggle, and who knows, maybe it successfully scared some boys into not trying weed too early. Either way, this rumor originated from some older studies on THC that found it can lead to increased levels of estrogen in the body – although these studies have been mostly debunked over the years. Although some people in the medical community still like to promote the link between cannabis use and gynecomastia, the fact is, there is no definitive evidence that this connection exists. 

Ketamine is a horse tranquilizer 

While ketamine can be used to anesthetize horses, it’s also used for small animals and humans. As a matter of fact, ketamine makes the list of essential medications for humans because it is the only anesthetic that doesn’t interfere with breathing. So, although it has been used for horses, the myth that it’s only used to treat livestock gives the implication that it’s too strong for people, or that it hasn’t been approved for human use – neither of which is true.  

If you use LSD more than 7 times you are considered legally insane 

Because LSD is considered to be one of the more potent hallucinogens, a belief came about that long-term use of it (typically categorized as 7 or more lifetime uses) can cause permanent brain damage and lead someone to be declared legally insane. As we know, given all the new research on LSD, this is completely untrue. Regardless, this misconception has been circulating since at least the 1980s. While sentencing guidelines for acid are unreasonably harsh compared to other controlled substances, the idea of a certain number of uses or accumulated dose of LSD is enough to declare a person mentally unstable is just absurd. A version of this story was even repeated as fact on TV’s Dragnet series in 1967, in an episode revolving around the use of LSD, shortly before it was made illegal. 

Drug dealers are lacing Halloween candy with fentanyl and other drugs 

The concept of drug dealing is quite simple: dealers sell drugs to make money. There is no money to be made by lacing kids candy with an expensive drug like fentanyl. Over the years, numerous claims of laced Halloween candy have made the rounds, but all of these stories were investigated and found to be completely bogus. According to Joel Best, a professor from the University of Delaware who has been studying this topic since 1983, these ideas spread “primarily among people who have no idea what [drugs] cost.” 

Milk will stop a magic mushroom high  

I’ve heard this many times over the years, but there is no scientific data, or even enough anecdotal reports, to back up the claim that milk will stop a mushroom trip. The presumption is that the milk would coat the lining of the stomach and slow the absorption rate of the mushrooms, but theoretically, this would only work if you drink the milk very early in your trip, before you digest the shrooms. Some small scale studies have found that benzodiazepines can stop a psychedelic trip, but not only is this not the safest method, it’s also not common for people to have benzos on hand (at least, I don’t think it is).  

Man uses LSD and thinks he’s an orange  

As far as drug myths go, this one is an all-time classic. When I looked it up, the story was about an anonymous man, but when it was told to me, the man in the story was Syd Barrett from Pink Floyd! But anyway, as the legend goes, someone took LSD and developed some form of permanent psychosis, forever thinking he was an orange and living in fear that his friends were going to peel him. Another version is that the man thinks he’s a glass of orange juice, rather than the whole orange, and he’s scared that someone will drink him. This story is straight up bonkers, but it’s been spread around since the 1960s and as recently as 2004-ish when I heard it.  

Molly puts literal holes in your brain 

Another one I heard quite often, especially when I went through my ecstasy phase, was that molly or E will put actually holes in your brain, or that you’ll end up “permanently fried” if you use it too often. While I must admit, at the end of a binge I definitely felt a bit slower mentally, and way out of focus, I can safely say the effects were NOT permanent (thankfully). However, some studies have made the claim high doses of MDMA can damage the nerve cells that contain serotonin, but these studies are from the 1980s and 90s, so they are quite dated and possibly inaccurate.

Final thoughts 

Drug myths can be fun, we’ve all heard at least a couple of them over the years. But they can also be dangerous when they start to spread as fact and influence the opinions of politicians and their constituents. What are some of the interesting drug-related urban legends you heard during your youth? Drop us a line in comment section below and let’s get the conversation going!

Welcome cannabis aficionados! Thanks for making your way to Cannadelics.com, an independent news site going deep into the worlds of cannabis, psychedelics, and well beyond. We’re big on updates, so come by regularly. And get yourself signed up to the Cannadelics Weekly Newsletter, for the best in related product offerings, as well.



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